LAPORAN INDIVIDU PRAKTIK LAPANGAN TERBIMBING (PLT)

Praktik Lapangan Terbimbing(PLT) adalah mata kuliah wajib yang harus ditempuh oleh setiap mahasiswa di Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. Kegiatan PLT diselenggarakan oleh LPPMP Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta pada semester gasal yaitu mulai tanggal 15 September 2017 sampai dengan 15 November 2017. Dalam kesempatan ini mahasiswa melaksanakan Praktik Lapangan Terbimbing di Akademi Angkatan Udara, tepatnya di Jarlatsuh Dirdik AAU. Program PLT terbagi atas program kelompok dan program departemen. Program kelompok adalah Seminar. Sedangkan program Departemen terdiri atas Pembuatan Pedoman Simposium, Input data PPH dan Honorium Dosen, Rekapitulasi Nilai Kuliah Taruna dan Persiapan Ujian Akhir Taruna. Tujuan dari program yang telah dilaksanakan ini khususnya untuk membantu pihak Jarlatsuh maupun AAU dalam melaksanakan setiap kegiatan program kerjanya, khususnya yang berhubungan langsung dengan tarunat. Program kerja tersebut dilaksanakan oleh mahasiswa dengan bimbingan langsung dari Koordinator lapangan AAU dan juga DPL PLT UNY. Program Kerja Praktik Lapangan Terbimbing dapat terlaksana dengan baik meskipun pelaksanaannya mengalami berbagai hambatan, namun hambatan tersebut dapat teratasi dengan baik dengan kerjasama antara tim PLT UNY dengan pihak Akademi Angkatan Udara. Hasil dari program kerja PLT adalah dokumen Juknis dan juga dokumen penyelenggaraan Diklat yang diharapkan dapat berguna bagi pihak AAU khususnya bagian Jarlatsuh Dirdik AAU

Optimizing iron adequacy and absorption to prevent iron deficiency anemia: The role of combination of fortified iron and vitamin C

Iron is a vital nutrient to promote the availability of tissue oxygen, cell growth and control of differentiation, and energy metabolism.  Preventing Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is necessary because iron is vital to central nervous system growth and development especially in the first years of life. Iron-rich complementary foods are recommended in infants around 6 months of age because iron store is depleted. Better understanding of iron absorption process and factors affecting its absorption and bioavailability is necessary to prevent iron deficiency and can be a dietary strategy to mitigate iron deficiency. Meat and iron-fortified food are the main sources of iron in the diet, and it is essential to introduce supplementary food to improve iron absorption. Additional foods such as cereals, cow milk and soybeans such as phytate, polyphenol and calcium are inhibitors which require care to prevent IDA. Ascorbic acid is an effective iron-absorbing enhancer, which is useful to reduce the effects of any known nonheme iron inhibitor. In iron-fortified foods, Combination use of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is recommended in molar ratio of 2:1 (with cow's milk and low-phytate cereal foods) and higher molar ratio of 4:1 (with higher phytate such as soybeans)

Indikator Biokimia untuk Identifikasi Anemia Defisiensi Besi di Indonesia

Latar Belakang: Anemia merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang ada di masyarakat, yang cukup banyak terjadi di negara berkembang khususnya Indonesia. Menurut World Health Organization (WHO), tiap tingkat usia memiliki potensial mengalami anemia, termasuk remaja usia 10-19 tahun. Melakukan deteksi dini atau skrining menjadi penting untuk dapat mengetahui lebih awal seseorang mengalami anemia defisiensi besi. Selain itu, dalam kerangka WHO untuk mempercepat penurunan angka anemia di dunia terdapat hasil yang ingin dicapai salah satunya yaitu dengan meningkatkan skrining anemia. Tujuan: Tujuan dari literatur ini yaitu untuk mengetahui gambaran skrining melalui indikator biokima yang digunakan untuk identifikasi Anemia Defisiensi Besi di Indonesia. Metode: Penelusuran literatur dilakukan pada database PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, dan Garuda untuk literatur yang dipublikasi pada 2013-2023 sesuai panduan PRISMA. Artikel dikaji apabila berasal dari jurnal terindeks Scopus Q1-Q4 atau Sinta 1-Sinta 3 dengan desain penelitian eksperimental atau observasional yang dilakukan di Indonesia. Ulasan: Melakukan skrining anemia pada wanita usia reproduksi untuk mengoptimalkan sintesis hemoglobin, mencegah kerusakan sel darah merah yang berlebihan, dan mengurangi kehilangan darah. Berbagai teknik skrining anemia telah dikembangkan di berbagai negara dengan mempertimbangkan metode yang terjangkau, mudah digunakan, dan non-invasif dibandingkan dengan metode invasif yang biasa digunakan. Banyak faktor yang perlu dipertimbangkan ketika memilih pengukuran Hb di laboratorium klinis atau lapangan termasuk kebutuhan kendali mutu (QC), kondisi ekstrim di lingkungan, kekurangan sumber daya di lingkungan, standar pelatihan yang tidak sesuai, dan kondisi ekstrim di lingkungan. Risiko dampak negatif Pengukuran Hb dapat dikurangi dengan mempertimbangkan berbagai faktor.  Kesimpulan: Di Indonesia, skrining masih sering menggunakan teknik invasif untuk mendeteksi anemia. Ini melibatkan pengambilan sampel darah vena atau kapiler dan pemeriksaan darah lengkap untuk mengukur kadar hemoglobin dalam darah melalui laboratorium.  Berbagai negara telah mengembangkan metode skrining anemia yang lebih murah, mudah digunakan, dan non-invasif daripada metode invasif yang biasa digunakan. Alat penilaian yang dapat diandalkan untuk mengukur dan menafsirkan konsentrasi Hb diperlukan untuk mencapai tujuan global sebagai upaya mengurangi anemia dan mengevaluasi efektivitas intervensi. Kata kunci: anemia, defisiensi zat besi, prevalensi, remaja, Indonesi

Kontribusi Program Pekarangan Pangan Lestari (P2L) terhadap Upaya Percepatan Penurunan Stunting di Kabupaten Sleman: Analisis Masa Pandemi COVID-19

Latar Belakang: Penguatan ketahanan pangan menjadi salah satu sektor kunci untuk mewujudkan gizi masyarakat yang optimal. Namun, capaian tingkat ketahanan pangan mencakup aspek penyediaan, stabilitas, aksesibilitas, dan penggunaan pangan di lingkup rumah tangga masih dikhawatirkan terjadi kesenjangan antar wilayah. Adanya pandemi COVID-19 turut menghambat upaya percepatan perbaikan gizi. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan strategi baru untuk memastikan terjaganya ketahanan pangan dan gizi saat situasi darurat sekalipun. Program P2L menjadi salah satu program prioritas dalam menjaga ketahanan pangan masyarakat. Namun, pelaksanaan program ini masih rentan terhadap keberlanjutan dalam implementasinya. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji sejauh mana program Pekarangan Pangan Lestari dalam menjaga ketahanan pangan dan gizi masyarakat dan perannya dalam upaya percepatan penurunan stunting di Kabupaten Sleman pada masa pandemi COVID-19 sebagai sarana perbaikan program kedepannya. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Metode pengambilan data dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam, kuesioner, studi dokumentasi, dan observasi partisipatif. Ulasan: Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan pandemi COVID-19 berdampak nyata pada pemenuhan pangan tingkat rumah tangga Kabupaten Sleman. Pada masa pandemi COVID-19 dimana ruang gerak terbatas dan harga pangan yang fluktuatif, program P2L efektif dalam mendukung ketahanan pangan rumah tangga dengan berperan sebagai lumbung pangan hidup bagi masyarakat. Implementasi program P2L di Kabupaten Sleman baru memenuhi kebutuhan konsumsi sayuran, sementara kebutuhan protein hewani, protein nabati, pangan pokok, dan buah belum dapat memenuhi kebutuhan rumah tangga.  Kesimpulan: Program P2L berdampak positif bagi masyarakat, tetapi perlu adanya inovasi integrasi tanaman-ternak-buah pada masing – masing kawasan serta melakukan penguatan kelembagaan agar program dapat lestari

Long-term Shedding of Influenza A Virus in Stool of Immunocompromised Child

In immunocompromised patients, influenza infection may progress to prolonged viral shedding from the respiratory tract despite antiviral therapy. We describe chronic influenza A virus infection in an immunocompromised child who had prolonged shedding of culturable influenza virus in stool

Severe influenza cases in paediatric intensive care units in Germany during the pre-pandemic seasons 2005 to 2008

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Data on complications in children with seasonal influenza virus infection are limited. We initiated a nation-wide three-year surveillance of children who were admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with severe seasonal influenza.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>From October 2005 to July 2008, active surveillance was performed using an established reporting system for rare diseases (ESPED) including all paediatric hospitals in Germany. Cases to be reported were hospitalized children < 17 years of age with laboratory-confirmed influenza treated in a PICU or dying in hospital.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Twenty severe influenza-associated cases were reported from 14 PICUs during three pre-pandemic influenza seasons (2005-2008). The median age of the patients (12 males/8 females) was 7.5 years (range 0.1-15 years). None had received vaccination against influenza. In 14 (70%) patients, the infection had been caused by influenza A and in five (25%) by influenza B; in one child (5%) the influenza type was not reported. Patients spent a median of 19 (IQR 12-38) days in the hospital and a median of 11 days (IQR 6-18 days) in the PICU; 10 (50%) needed mechanical ventilation. Most frequent diagnoses were influenza-associated pneumonia (60%), bronchitis/bronchiolitis (30%), encephalitis/encephalopathy (25%), secondary bacterial pneumonia (25%), and ARDS (25%). Eleven (55%) children had chronic underlying medical conditions, including 8 (40%) with chronic pulmonary diseases. Two influenza A- associated deaths were reported: <it>i) </it>an 8-year old boy with pneumococcal encephalopathy following influenza infection died from cerebral edema, <it>ii) </it>a 14-year-old boy with asthma bronchiale, cardiac malformation and Addison's disease died from cardiac and respiratory failure. For nine (45%) patients, possibly permanent sequelae were reported (3 neurological, 3 pulmonary, 3 other sequelae).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Influenza-associated pneumonia and secondary bacterial infections are relevant complications of seasonal influenza in Germany. The incidence of severe influenza cases in PICUs was relatively low. This may be either due to the weak to moderate seasonal influenza activity during the years 2005 to 2008 or due to under-diagnosis of influenza by physicians. Fifty% of the observed severe cases might have been prevented by following the recommendations for vaccination of risk groups in Germany.</p

Respiratory disease following viral lung infection alters the murine gut microbiota

Alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota have profound effects on human health. Consequently, there is great interest in identifying, characterizing, and understanding factors that initiate these changes. Despite their high prevalence, studies have only recently begun to investigate how viral lung infections have an impact on the gut microbiota. There is also considerable interest in whether the gut microbiota could be manipulated during vaccination to improve efficacy. In this highly controlled study, we aimed to establish the effect of viral lung infection on gut microbiota composition and the gut environment using mouse models of common respiratory pathogens respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus. This was then compared to the effect of live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccination. Both RSV and influenza virus infection resulted in significantly altered gut microbiota diversity, with an increase in Bacteroidetes and a concomitant decrease in Firmicutes phyla abundance. Although the increase in the Bacteroidetes phylum was consistent across several experiments, differences were observed at the family and operational taxonomic unit level. This suggests a change in gut conditions after viral lung infection that favors Bacteroidetes outgrowth but not individual families. No change in gut microbiota composition was observed after LAIV vaccination, suggesting that the driver of gut microbiota change is specific to live viral infection. Viral lung infections also resulted in an increase in fecal lipocalin-2, suggesting low-grade gut inflammation, and colonic Muc5ac levels. Owing to the important role that mucus plays in the gut environment, this may explain the changes in microbiota composition observed. This study demonstrates that the gut microbiota and the gut environment are altered following viral lung infections and that these changes are not observed during vaccination. Whether increased mucin levels and gut inflammation drive, or are a result of, these changes is still to be determined

Influenza virus infection among pediatric patients reporting diarrhea and influenza-like illness

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and hospitalization among children. While less often reported in adults, gastrointestinal symptoms have been associated with influenza in children, including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>From September 2005 and April 2008, pediatric patients in Indonesia presenting with concurrent diarrhea and influenza-like illness were enrolled in a study to determine the frequency of influenza virus infection in young patients presenting with symptoms less commonly associated with an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). Stool specimens and upper respiratory swabs were assayed for the presence of influenza virus.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Seasonal influenza A or influenza B viral RNA was detected in 85 (11.6%) upper respiratory specimens and 21 (2.9%) of stool specimens. Viable influenza B virus was isolated from the stool specimen of one case. During the time of this study, human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus were common in the survey area. However, among 733 enrolled subjects, none had evidence of H5N1 virus infection.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The detection of influenza viral RNA and viable influenza virus from stool suggests that influenza virus may be localized in the gastrointestinal tract of children, may be associated with pediatric diarrhea and may serve as a potential mode of transmission during seasonal and epidemic influenza outbreaks.</p