Origin of Quantum Mechanical Results and Life: A Clue from Quantum Biology

Although quantum mechanics can accurately predict the probability distribution of outcomes in an ensemble of identical systems, it cannot predict the result of an individual system. All the local and global hidden variable theories attempting to explain individual behavior have been proved invalid by experiments (violation of Bell’s inequality) and theory. As an alternative, Schrodinger and others have hypothesized existence of free will in every particle which causes randomness in individual results. However, these free will theories have failed to quantitatively explain the quantum mechanical results. In this paper, we take the clue from quantum biology to get the explanation of quantum mechanical distribution. Recently it was reported that mutations (which are quantum processes) in DNA of E. coli bacteria instead of being random were biased in a direction such that the chance of survival of the bacteria is increased. Extrapolating it, we assume that all the particles including inanimate fundamental particles have a will and that is biased to satisfy the collective goals of the ensemble. Using this postulate, we mathematically derive the correct spin probability distribution without using quantum mechanical formalism (operators and Born’s rule) and exactly reproduce the quantum mechanical spin correlation in entangled pairs. Using our concept, we also mathematically derive the form of quantum mechanical wave function of free particle which is conventionally a postulate of quantum mechanics. Thus, we prove that the origin of quantum mechanical results lies in the will (or consciousness) of the objects biased by the collective goal of ensemble or universe. This biasing by the group on individuals can be called as “coherence” which directly represents the extent of life present in the ensemble. So, we can say that life originates out of establishment of coherence in a group of inanimate particles

Reformulation of Dirac’s theory of electron to avoid negative energy or negative time solution

Dirac’s relativistic theory of electron generally results in two possible solutions, one with positive energy and other with negative energy. Although positive energy solutions accurately represented particles such as electrons, interpretation of negative energy solution became very much controversial in the last century. By assuming the vacuum to be completely filled with a sea of negative energy electrons, Dirac tried to avoid natural transition of electron from positive to negative energy state using Pauli’s exclusion principle. However, many scientists like Bohr objected to the idea of sea of electrons as it indicates infinite density of charge and electric field and consequently infinite energy. In addition, till date, there is no experimental evidence of a particle whose total energy (kinetic plus rest) is negative. In an alternative approach, Feynman, in quantum field theory, proposed that particles with negative energy are actually positive energy particles running backwards in time. This was mathematically consistent since quantum mechanical energy operator contains time in denominator and the negative sign of energy can be absorbed in it. However, concept of negative time is logically inconsistent since in this case, effect happens before the cause. To avoid above contradictions, in this paper, we try to reformulate the Dirac’s theory of electron so that neither energy needs to be negative nor the time is required to be negative. Still, in this new formulation, two different possible solutions exist for particles and antiparticles (electrons and positrons)

A simple proof of Born’s rule for statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics

The Born’s rule to interpret the square of wave function as the probability to get a specific value in measurement has been accepted as a postulate in foundations of quantum mechanics. Although there have been so many attempts at deriving this rule theoretically using different approaches such as frequency operator approach, many-world theory, Bayesian probability and envariance, literature shows that arguments in each of these methods are circular. In view of absence of a convincing theoretical proof, recently some researchers have carried out experiments to validate the rule up-to maximum possible accuracy using multi-order interference (Sinha et al, Science, 329, 418 [2010]). But, a convincing analytical proof of Born’s rule will make us understand the basic process responsible for exact square dependency of probability on wave function. In this paper, by generalizing the method of calculating probability in common experience into quantum mechanics, we prove the Born’s rule for statistical interpretation of wave function

A new approach in classical electrodynamics to protect principle of causality

In classical electrodynamics, electromagnetic effects are calculated from solution of wave equation formed by combination of four Maxwell’s equations. However, along with retarded solution, this wave equation admits advanced solution in which case the effect happens before the cause. So, to preserve causality in natural events, the retarded solution is intentionally chosen and the advance part is just ignored. But, an equation or method cannot be called fundamental if it admits a wrong result (that violates principle of causality) in addition to the correct result. Since it is the Maxwell’s form of equations that gives birth to this acausal advanced potential, we rewrite these equations in a different form using the recent theory of reaction at a distance (Biswaranjan Dikshit, Physics essays, 24(1), 4-9, 2011) so that the process of calculation does not generate any advanced effects. Thus, the long-standing causality problem in electrodynamics is solved

Environmental Value of Draught Animals: Saving of Fossil-fuel and Prevention of Greenhouse Gas Emission

Animal energy is a renewable and sustainable source of energy. It is renewable because the animals can be reproduced by breeding and rearing the required number of animals. It is sustainable because the animals derive their energy for work largely from agricultural by-products. In addition, there are other environmental contributions of the working animal stock — consider replacing it by agricultural machinery run on fossil-fuel. Animal energy saves natural resources, fossil fuel and prevents green house gases emission. The fossil-fuel equivalent of the animal energy used in the Indian agriculture has been found pretty large, as much as 19 million tonnes of diesel in 2003. If this much amount of fuel were to be burnt through combustion to run tractors in the absence of the working animal stock of over 60 million, it would have released about 6 million tonnes of carbon dioxide.Agricultural and Food Policy,

India’s Livestock Feed Demand: Estimates and Projections

The paper has estimated the feed consumption rates for different livestock species by age-group, sex, and function at the national level, and based on that the paper has generated demand for different types of feed by the year 2020. According to this study, by 2020 India would require a total 526 million tonnes (Mt) of dry matter, 855 Mt of green fodder, and 56 Mt of concentrate feed (comprising 27.4 Mt of cereals, 4.0 Mt of pulses, 20.6 Mt of oilseeds, oilcakes and meals, and 3.6 Mt of manufactured feed). In terms of nutrients, this translates into 738 Mt of dry matter, 379 Mt of total digestible nutrients and 32 Mt of digestible crude protein. The estimates of demand for different feeds will help the policymakers of the country in designing trade strategy to maximize benefits from livestock production.Agricultural and Food Policy,

An Anti-Pyruvate Kinase Monoclonal Antibody And Translocated Intimin Receptor (tir) For Specific Detection Of Listeria Species And Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia Coli

Foodborne illnesses pose a significant health concern and economic impact worldwide. In this study, we aimed at developing alternate and improved methods for Shiga toxigenic E. coli (STEC) and Listeria species detection. In Listeria monocytogenes, an auxiliary secretory system, SecA2, plays an important role in translocating virulence and housekeeping proteins to cell surface to aid bacteria to maintain saprophytic and intracellular life styles. Here we investigated if pyruvate kinase (PyK), present in both pathogenic and nonpathogenic Listeria, is translocated by SecA2 system and determined its potential application in immunologic detection of these bacteria. Additionally, cell surface localization and enzymatic activity of PyK were examined. Enzyme immunoassay with anti-PyK antibody, MAb EM-7H10, indicated the presence of PyK in all Listeria species except L. roquortiae. Immunofluorescence assay confirmed surface localization. Analysis of L. monocytogenes ΔsecA2 mutant revealed the absence of PyK in cell wall and the supernatant fractions along with reduced levels in the intracellular fraction indicating that PyK translocation to cell surface is SecA2-dependent. Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) confirmed reduced levels of PyK transcript in the ΔsecA2 mutant indicating SecA2-dependent regulation of pyk. Furthermore, PyK expression was found to be 10-fold higher in L. monocytogenes cultured in Brain-Heart Infusion Broth (BHI), Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) and buffered Listeria enrichment broth (BLEB) than in University of Vermont medium (UVM) or Fraser Broth (FB). In summary, PyK is determined to be a SecA2-dependent surface displayed glycolytic enzyme present in both pathogenic and nonpathogenic Listeria, which could serve as a strong immunologic target for Listeria species detection. Shiga toxigenic E. coli (STEC) has been implicated in several foodborne outbreaks exhibiting severe hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and fatalities. Here, we focus on a novel approach for STEC detection. Translocated Intimin Receptor (TIR) binds exclusively with intimin, a STEC adhesion protein which mediates intimate attachment of the bacteria to the host cell. This receptor-ligand system is unique to STEC and can be used for its detection on biosensor platforms. Collectively, data provide strong evidence for the use of anti-PyK antibody and TIR and for specific detection of Listeria species and STEC, respectively

Islamic Banking and its Legal Validity in India

Islamic banking is an emerging model of banking which is currently practiced in several countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and United Kingdom. The most intriguing aspect of Islamic banking is that it works on a purely no interest basis. Given the fact that India is a country with one of the largest Muslim populations in the world, the researchers believe it is important to understand the public awareness, acceptability and feasibility of introducing this system of banking in India. This paper primarily aims at discussing the legal viability of introducing Islamic banking in India, taking into account the current legal regime. In analyzing how forthcoming the population will be towards this banking system, a sample of the population was chosen from Pune and New Delhi and surveyed with the help of a questionnaire, leading to the inference that most people are open to the concept of interest free banking but are unwilling to accept the Islamic ideology it is derived from