Tribological behaviour of zirconium di-oxide ceramic

The ZrO2 ceramic material is of prime importance. The structure of ZrO2 is monoclinic crystalline structure. It occurs in form of mineral baddeleyite. The properties of ZrO2 are: - Density= 5.68 g/cm³, molar mass=123.218 g/mol. It has good thermal insulation, high electron conductivity due to present of free oxygen ion. It is used in refractory, sensor, diesel engine and also as diamond simulant. Keeping this in view the present research work has been under taken with an objective to explore the tribological properties of ZrO2 ceramic. The ZrO2 ceramic has been made by epoxy and hardener in ratio of 10:1 and ZrO2 weight is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% by cumulative weight of epoxy and hardener weight. Basically. To study the wear properties the components made from this ZrO2 ceramics is subjected to wear test using a PIN-ON-DISC machine. Experiments have been conducted under laboratory conditions to access the wear behavior of the ceramics. The loss of weight has been measured in different percentage of ZrO2, with different load applied and with velocity varies from 200 to 500 rpm. The results have been drawn on graph and this shows the wear property of ZrO2 ceramics with sliding distance and load applied. The result shows that on increasing the load of pin on disc apparatus, the wear rate will increase. The structural property before and after the experiment have been drawn seen by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Wear test shows that ceramics are less prone to the variation of speed as compared to the normal load applied. The lowest wear is occurred at 30% of the ceramic and highest wear occur at 40% of zirconia with epoxy and hardener. Wear occurs due to plastic deformation. The surface formed after the wear is studied in the SEM (scanning electron microscope). It shows that, as the percentage of zirconia increases, the surface fracture decreases up to 30% of zirconia but after that, the surface fracture increases

Licensing of Standard Essential Patents on FRAND Terms in India

149-159The standardized technology seems to increase efficiency and reduce costs associated with wide variety of product and services in the field of information and communication. The idea of standard-essential patents (SEPs) is now getting more attention in patent litigations in different economies due to requirement of its licensing on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms. The telecommunications industry has recently seen a significant increase in costly patent litigations. This smartphone patent war needs amicable resolution amongst different stakeholder. The scope of the present paper includes examination of the concept of SEPs and comparison of the various modes of ensuring their availability on FRAND terms. The position of law in different jurisdictions is presented keeping in mind the interest of all stakeholders and the recent judicial trends in India. Authors have followed an evaluative method in which case law forms the basis of discussion. The paper argues that the existing legal framework in India on the grant of injunctions and the licensing of SEPs on strictly FRAND terms appears to be adequate, however, the recent trend of litigation seems conflicting as one party wishes to enforce FRAND term and opposite party is arguing that the terms are anti-competitive

Effect of herbal formulation AV/DAC-16 supplementation on rumen profiles in buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis)

ABSTRACT[R1] 12 healthy buffalo calves with BW range 100-150 kg were fistulated and divided into two goups of 6 animals each. Control group animals were fed on conventional diet comprising of wheat straw (2 kg), green fodder (8 kg), concentrate (1.0 kg) and mineral mixture (0.050kg). The animals of the treatment group were kept on diet similar to the control group along with feeding of herbally formulated [R2] drug AV/DAC-16@ 15 gms/day for 21 days. Each animal was sampled for three consecutive days at 0 hr i.e., immediately before feeding and subsequent samples were taken at 2, 4 and 6 hr intervals after feeding. There was a significant fall in pH at 2 and 4 hours post-prandial and in Methylene BlueReductionTime[R3] during the entire observation period. TVFA concentration increased significantly in the treatment group. Though oral administration [R4] of AV/DAC-16 did not have any prominent effect on the protozoal count, the bacterial count increased significantly in comparison to control group. Total nitrogen concentrations fell significantly while a significant increase was observed in the ammonia nitrogen content in the supplemented group at 6 hours after feeding. The animals of supplemented group showed a significant increase in body weights.Key words: Digestibility, Wheat Straw[R1]?? Reply: Figure deleted.[R2]How was offered to the animals?Reply: The drug was given by opening the mouth of the animal using standard animal husbandry procedure.[R3]describe the acronyms in the abstractReply: MBRT- Methylene  Blue Reduction Time[R4]Direct?? Describe aboveReply: Per oral administration i.e., through mouth

Comparative Analysis of CT and MRI in Emergency Assessment of Stroke: A Review

Objective: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)in emergency assessment of stroke in brain imaging from the review of literature. Method: Relevant databases (PubMed, google scholar etc.) were searched and literature were reviewed from 1995 to 2019. Literature from non-Scopus and unauthorized authorizations was excluded.Result: It was observed that for MRI DWI (Diffusion-weighted imaging) is preferred and in CT, axial sections are opted. In earlier studies, it was seen that neither CT nor MRI came out to besuperior. This may be due to the previous technology used. Some studies also, suggested that Diffusion-weighted imaging is highly accurate in diagnosis of stroke and also superior to CT. Another study suggested that SWI is a new approach in visualizing the hemorrhage in acute stroke. On one hand, evidence revealed that MRI is as good as CT. While on the other hand, literature concluded that CT angiography is good for intracranial and extracranial vasculature. Some studies suggested that CT is more reliable and is readily available for stroke. Conclusion: Present study concludes that both diagnostic imaging modalities i.e., CT and MRI have their advantages in diagnosis of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Also chances of stroke increases with increase in age. Other factors influencing the stroke diagnosis and treatment are type of stroke, diagnostic imaging modality available, and cost-effectiveness of diagnostic exams performed

Tribological behaviour of zirconium di-oxide ceramic

Ceramics are gaining importance due to their non carcinogenic and bio-degradable nature. The ZrO2 ceramic material is of prime importance. The structure of ZrO2 is monoclinic crystalline structure. It occurs in form of mineral baddeleyite. The properties of ZrO2 are: Density= 5.68 g/cm³, molar mass=123.218 g/mol. It has good thermal insulation, high electron conductivity due to present of free oxygen ion. It is used in refractory, sensor, diesel engine and also as diamond simulant. Keeping this in view the present research work has been under taken with an objective to explore the tribological properties of ZrO2 ceramic. The ZrO2 ceramic has been made by epoxy and hardener in ratio of 10:1 and ZrO2 weight is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% by cumulative weight of epoxy and hardener weight. Basically. To study the wear properties the components made from this ZrO2 ceramics is subjected to wear test using a PIN-ON-DISC machine. Experiments have been conducted under laboratory conditions to access the wear behavior of the ceramics. The loss of weight has been measured in different percentage of ZrO2, with different load applied and with velocity varies from 200 to 500 rpm. The results have been drawn on graph and this shows the wear property of ZrO2 ceramics with sliding distance and load applied

Herbage Yield, Quality and Nutrients Composition of Bajra Napier (BN) Hybrid Grass Varieties under Central Gujarat Condition

Among various perennial grasses, BN hybrid grass (Pennisetum glaucum x Pennisetum purpureum) is most popular in irrigated areas of India including Gujarat state due to several factors like wide spread agro-climatic adaptability, high yield potential, nutritional quality, low cost of cultivation, insect-pest-disease resistances, tolerance to grazing/damages by wild animals, vegetative propagation and high response towards manure, fertilizer and irrigations. In Central Gujarat region, farmers are mainly cultivating CO 3 and APBN 1 varieties, which have been supplied to them by agriculture institutes. These two popular varieties were considered as local checks (LC) in trial. Three very old varieties (IGFRI 6, PBN 233 and IGFRI 10) were also considered for trial due to their popularity at national level. Newly notified varieties of BN hybrid grass (CO 4, DHN 6 & BNH 10) were included in the trial as sufficient information’s on performance of these new varieties under Central Gujarat condition is not available. Hence, need was felt to compare the yield, quality and nutrient composition of old, local checks and new notified varieties of BN hybrid together in one experiment under Central Gujarat condition

Difference-in-Differences with a Misclassified Treatment

This paper studies identification and estimation of the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) in difference-in-difference (DID) designs when the variable that classifies individuals into treatment and control groups (treatment status, D) is endogenously misclassified. We show that misclassification in D hampers consistent estimation of ATT because 1) it restricts us from identifying the truly treated from those misclassified as being treated and 2) differential misclassification in counterfactual trends may result in parallel trends being violated with D even when they hold with the true but unobserved D*. We propose a solution to correct for endogenous one-sided misclassification in the context of a parametric DID regression which allows for considerable heterogeneity in treatment effects and establish its asymptotic properties in panel and repeated cross section settings. Furthermore, we illustrate the method by using it to estimate the insurance impact of a large-scale in-kind food transfer program in India which is known to suffer from large targeting errors

Single molecule analysis of CRISPR enzymes

CRISPR system provides adaptive immunity against foreign DNA in microbes. CRISPR nucleases in complex with a guide-RNA targets complementary DNA (protospacer) if they are next to protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), by the virtue of RNA-DNA base pairing, resulting in unwinding of DNA strands in protospacer. CRISPR has been re-purposed for wide-ranging biological applications. But lack of mechanistic understanding and specificity of both binding and cleavage continue to be challenges for CRISPR based applications. I employed single molecule fluorescence and biochemical assays to investigate the molecular mechanism of widely used CRISPR-enzymes (Cas9, its engineered derivatives (EngCas9) and Cpf1 orthologs). Following observations were made: • CRISPR-enzymes bind DNA in 2 modes. In mode I, enzymes samples DNA non-specifically for transient PAM-detection. Upon successful PAM-recognition, binding shifts to mode II involving RNA-DNA duplex/DNA unwinding. Mode-II is longer lived, whose lifetime depends on number and location of on/off-target base-pairs (bp) (PAM-proximal off-targets bp; deleterious PAM-distal ones; tolerable). • Cas9s require only 9-10 bp for stable binding and ~16 bp for cleavage. Cpf1s are significantly more specific, requiring ~17 bp for both. • Release of cleaved-DNA products for genome-editing machinery is likely crucial. Cas9s do not release any, where Cpf1s releases one end. • Cas9s cleavage happens from maximally unwound DNA state. PAM-distal off-target bp reduce extent and lifetime of unwinding thus delaying cleavage. EngCas9s mutations destabilize unwound state and have a much lower intrinsic cleavage rate, which are the basis of their improved specificity. • Significant effect of pH and reducing conditions on Cpf1 activity can explain higher performance variance (compared to Cas9) in different organisms. These can also be used as switches for Cpf1 activation/inactivation. The work presented in this dissertation has already resulted in 3 first-author manuscripts and a review. The work has been further extended into other fluorescent geometries and onto newer CRISPR enzymes. I am also applying the biophysical information from my PhD work to re-engineer CRISPR-Cas9 for precise control of its DNA binding and cleavage activity. These efforts have resulted in useful data and will likely lead to more manuscripts. Continued improvement in our understanding of CRISPR mechanism will assist in rational-design of new enzymes/strategies with higher specificity and efficiency