An ADM 3+1 formulation for Smooth Lattice General Relativity

A new hybrid scheme for numerical relativity will be presented. The scheme will employ a 3-dimensional spacelike lattice to record the 3-metric while using the standard 3+1 ADM equations to evolve the lattice. Each time step will involve three basic steps. First, the coordinate quantities such as the Riemann and extrinsic curvatures are extracted from the lattice. Second, the 3+1 ADM equations are used to evolve the coordinate data, and finally, the coordinate data is used to update the scalar data on the lattice (such as the leg lengths). The scheme will be presented only for the case of vacuum spacetime though there is no reason why it could not be extended to non-vacuum spacetimes. The scheme allows any choice for the lapse function and shift vectors. An example for the Kasner $T^3$ cosmology will be presented and it will be shown that the method has, for this simple example, zero discretisation error.Comment: 18 pages, plain TeX, 5 epsf figues, gzipped ps file also available at http://newton.maths.monash.edu.au:8000/preprints/3+1-slgr.ps.g

インドネシアにおける地域間所得格差について

広島経済大学経済学会 2010年度 第2回研究集会 [2010年6月3日（木）]報告要

Cardiovascular disease in transgendered people: A review of the literature and discussion of risk.

This review examines the impact of gender affirming hormone therapy used in the transgendered and non-binary populations on cardiovascular outcomes and surrogate markers of cardiovascular health. Current evidence suggests that hormonal therapy for transgendered women decreases or is neutral regarding myocardial infarction risk. There is an increased incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE), but newer studies suggest that the risk is significantly lower than previously described. For transgendered men, there appears to be an adverse effect on lipid parameters but this does not translate into an increased risk of cardiovascular disease above that of general male population. In all transgendered people, risk factor interventions such as smoking cessation, weight management and treatment of co-morbid conditions are important in optimising cardiovascular health. The effect of gender affirming hormonal therapy in transgendered people is difficult to interpret due to the variety of hormone regimens used, the relative brevity of the periods of observation and the influence of confounding factors such as the historical use of less physiological, oestrogens such as conjugated equine oestrogen and ethinylestradiol which are more pro-thrombotic than the 17β oestradiol that is used in modern practice

<原著>情景画の叙述課題における健常者の談話産生 : 「説明」か「物語」かの教示の違いによる影響

健常者に対し, 2種の異なる教示を与えて, 情景画の叙述課題を施行し, 教示の違いが得られる談話にもたらす影響について検討した。すなわち, 健常者19名を2群に分け, 一方には「説明をして下さい」という教示を, もう一方には「物語を話して下さい」という教示を与えた。情景画の叙述課題は2題用意し, 各被験者が2つの課題を異なる教示下で行うよう組み合わせた。得られた談話は, 1)発話量, 2)発話のよどみ, 3)情報内容の性質の観点から分析を行った。その結果として, 1)発話量および2)発話のよどみの出現については, 教示の違いは明らかな影響を及ぼさなかったが, 3)談話において表出された情報が客観的か推測を含んでいるかについては, 刺激となる情景画によっては, 「物語」の教示下で推測を含む情報が多くなる傾向がみられた。In order to better understand the influence of task differences on discourse production in normal adults, picture description tasks were administered under two instruction conditions : "explanatory" and "narrative". Under the "explanatory" instruction condition, subjects were shown one of two pictures and asked to explain the picture to an imaginary listener. In the "narrative" instruction condition, subjects were shown the other picture and asked to make up a story inspired by the picture. The subjects were 19 normal adults, aged between 24 and 74. The elicited discourse was analyzed in terms of 1) the number of words and correct information units, 2) disfluency and 3) the quality of the produced discourse, evaluated by the concrete/inferential aspects. There were no significant differences between the different instruction conditions in the number of words and correct information units or in disfluency. As for the quality of produced discourse, the type of stimulus picture showed a different effect for each instruction condition ; the subjects produced significantly more inferential statements with one of the stimulus pictures under the "narrative" instruction condition than under the "explanatory" one.国立情報学研究所で電子

Sex-Dependent Shared and Nonshared Genetic Architecture Across Mood and Psychotic Disorders

BACKGROUND: Sex differences in incidence and/or presentation of schizophrenia (SCZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BIP) are pervasive. Previous evidence for shared genetic risk and sex differences in brain abnormalities across disorders suggest possible shared sex-dependent genetic risk. METHODS: We conducted the largest to date genome-wide genotype-by-sex (GxS) interaction of risk for these disorders using 85,735 cases (33,403 SCZ, 19,924 BIP, and 32,408 MDD) and 109,946 controls from the PGC (Psychiatric Genomics Consortium) and iPSYCH. RESULTS: Across disorders, genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphism-by-sex interaction was detected for a locus encompassing NKAIN2 (rs117780815, p = 3.2 x 10(-8)), which interacts with sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) enzymes, implicating neuronal excitability. Three additional loci showed evidence (p < 1 x 10(-8)) for cross-disorder GxS interaction (rs7302529, p = 1.6 x 10(-7); rs73033497, p = 8.8 x 10(-7); rs7914279, p = 6.4 x 10(-7)), implicating various functions. Gene-based analyses identified GxS interaction across disorders (p = 8.97 x 10(-7)) with transcriptional inhibitor SLTM. Most significant in SCZ was a MOCOS gene locus (rs11665282, p = 1.5 x 10(-7)), implicating vascular endothelial cells. Secondary analysis of the PGC-SCZ dataset detected an interaction (rs13265509, p = 1.1 x 10(-7)) in a locus containing IDO2, a kynurenine pathway enzyme with immunoregulatory functions implicated in SCZ, BIP, and MDD. Pathway enrichment analysis detected significant GxS interaction of genes regulating vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling in MDD (false discovery rate-corrected p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: In the largest genome-wide GXS analysis of mood and psychotic disorders to date, there was substantial genetic overlap between the sexes. However, significant sex-dependent effects were enriched for genes related to neuronal development and immune and vascular functions across and within SCZ, BIP, and MDD at the variant, gene, and pathway levels.Peer reviewe

<原著>発声発語器官の交互運動能力における教示方法の違いの影響 : 健常成人の場合

健常者に, 3種の教示条件下で, 口腔器官のディアドコキネシス検査を施行し, 教示方法の違いが, 被験者の課題遂行に及ぼす影響を検討した。対象は, 健常女性31名(平均19.4歳)である。教示は, 音節/pa/, /ta/, /ka/を, (1)できるだけ速く, 5秒間くり返し言う, (2)できるだけ速く, 一息で続く限り長く, くり返し言う, (3)正確に, できるだけ速く, 一息で続く限り長く, くり返し言うの3条件を設定した。その結果, (1)構音の正確さを強調した教示方法では, 強調しない方法に比べ, 口腔器官の交互反復運動速度は有意に低下した。(2)最初の5秒間について, 秒毎に平均音節数を算出すると, 音節/pa/および/ka/の場合には1秒目に比べて, 3秒目もしくは5秒目の音節数が有意に減少しており, 交互反復運動速度に時間的変動がみられた。これに対して音節/ta/では, 音節数に有意な差は認められなかった。(3)交互反復運動速度は, どの教示条件においても.音節/ta/で最も速く, 次いで/pa/, /ka/の順であった。We examined the maximum performance rate of single syllable repetitions (oral diadochokinesis) in normal subjects. The subjects were 31 females with a mean age of 19.4 years. The task consisted of three different types of instructions : the repetition of monosyllable (/pa/, /ta/, /ka/) (1) as rapidly as possible for five seconds, (2) as rapidly and as long as possible in one breath, or (3) as rapidly and as long as possible, but accurately, in one breath. The results revealed the following. (1) With the instruction requiring articulatory accuracy (condition 3) alternating motion rates (AMR's) were significantly slower than those under the other conditions. (2) The number of syllables in the third or fifth second showed a significant reduction as compared to the first second in the articulations of /pa/ and /ka/. However, the numbers in each of the first five seconds were constant for /ta/. (3) The AMR's were different for each type of syllable produced. Of the three syllables, the AMR's for /ta/ were the fastest.国立情報学研究所で電子

マターナル・アタッチメントの個人差－養育行動及び子どものアタッチメント行動との関連について－

本研究の目的は，①生後18ヵ月から生後36ヵ月におけるマターナル・アタッチメントの発達的変化を検討すること，②生後36ヵ月のマターナル・アタッチメントの個人差と母親の養育行動（教授行動，感受性）及びアタッチメントQ分類法によって評定された子どものアタッチメント行動との関連を検討することであった。妊娠期から生後36ヵ月まで追跡した15組の母子を対象に調査が実施された。その結果，以下の点が明らかとなった。①生後18ヵ月から生後36ヵ月にかけて，マターナル・アタッチメント得点は有意に低下した。また，生後18ヵ月と生後36ヵ月のマターナル・アタッチメント得点の間に正相関が認められた。②マターナル・アタッチメント得点の高い母親ほど，感受性が高く，間接的な教授をする傾向があり，そのような母親の子どもほど安定性得点が高い傾向にあった。以上の結果から，マターナル・アタッチメントが養育行動や子どものアタッチメント行動にとって重要となることが示唆された。Developmental changes in maternal attachment from 18 to 36 months of age were examined. The study also investigated the relationship between individual differences in maternal attachment, parental behaviors such as mother's teaching and maternal sensitivity, as well as infant-mother attachment using the Attachment Q-sort. Mother-child pairs (n = 15) participated in a longitudinal study from pregnancy to 36 months of age. The results were as follows. (1) Maternal attachment scores decreased significantly from 18 to 36 months of age. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between maternal attachment at 18 months and at 36 months. (2) Mothers with higher maternal attachment scores tended to have higher maternal sensitivity scores and used indirect teaching methods more often. The infants of these mothers tended to have higher Q-sort security scores. These results suggest that maternal attachment is important for parental behavior and infant-mother attachment.報告Report

高知県高齢者及びブラジル日系高齢者における人生の評価・見通しと健康

本研究の目的は,高齢者における人生の評価・見通しと健康の関係を明らかにするために,異なる環境で生活する遺伝的に類似していると思われるブラジル日系高齢者と高知県高齢者を対象にアンケートを行い分析・比較した。その結果,環境の違いが人々の健康に少なからぬ影響を与えることが分かった。一方で,高齢者にとって,健康は大きな願いであることが明らかになった。そして,その健康を決定し,人生をよりよく評価し,より明るく前向きに生きるための因子として配偶者・子ども・孫などの家族との関係が大きいということが分かった。また,経済面での不安が人生観と深く関係していること,将来の介護者の有無と人生観との関係が強いことから,将来の経済状況や介護者の存在は,加齢に伴う体力の低下や,健康障害に対する保障となることを示唆するものであると言える。さらに,高齢者が安心して利用できる在宅あるいは施設サービスの充実や,趣味活動・社会活動への参加の機会の充実が高齢者の心身の健康を増進し,健康寿命を延伸させるために重要であると言える。Aged people in Kochi, Japan and aged Japanese Brazilians in Brazil, who live in different environments and are genetically similar, were chosen for our questionnaire survey in order to examine how their state of health differs. The result showed that differences in the environment greatly affect the health of these aged people, and that good health is their greatest desire. It was shown that good relationships with spouse, children, and/or grandchildren are a key factor in maintaining their good health, evaluating their lives positively, and living a good life. Anxiety concerning their household finances and the availability of future nursing caregivers were closely related to their outlooks. Therefore, financial stability at home and the existence of nursing caregivers clearly guarantee less declining physical fitness and other health hazards associated with aging. The availability of recreation facilities as well as ample opportunities to participate in hobbies and social activities were also shown to be important in improving mental and physical health and in maintaining a longer and healthier life.資料Data Report国立情報学研究所で電子