Football players' migrations: a political stake

'Auf der Basis von Quellen aus dem FIFA-Archiv, Zürich, untersucht der Beitrag die grenzüberschreitende Migration von Fußballspielern; es geht vor allem um solche Fälle, die in den Jahrzehnten zwischen dem Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs und der postkolonialen Zeit auch politische Dimensionen hatten. Vier Beispiele wurden für die Untersuchung ausgewählt. Das erste illustriert, wie sich die Migration von Fußballspielern in die allgemeine Politik und des faschistischen Italiens einfügte, dem es stets auch um nationales Prestige und die italienische 'Rasse' ging. Das zweite und dritte Beispiel nimmt solche Fälle auf, in denen die Fußballspieler zugleich politische Flüchtlinge und Exilanten waren; es behandelt das baskische Team im Spanischen Bürgerkrieg und ungarische Regimeflüchtlinge in der ersten Hälfte der 1950er Jahre. Ein weiteres Beispiel zeigt für Zaire unter Mobutu, dass das Thema der Sportmigration auch Einblick in die Nord-Süd-Beziehungen während der 1960er Jahre ermöglicht.' (Autorenreferat)'Based on sources from FIFA archives, Zurich, the article analyses footballers' migration as a political stake from the interwar period to the post-colonisation times. Four examples are selected to study this sometimes-neglected angle of the professional sport elite moves. The first one illustrates how the migration of football players fit in with the general policy of 'race' and of national prestige in Fascist Italy. The second and the third example consider football players as sports figures representing political refugees and other persons in exile; it deals with the case of the Basque team during the Spanish civil war and the case of Hungarian refugees in the first half of the fifties. The last example, of Mobutu's Zaire, demonstrates that the question of sports migration could also serve as a revelation of North-South relations during the sixties.' (author's abstract

Les partisans italiens et la découverte de la violence de guerre

Pratiquée par les jeunes partisans italiens de 1943 à 1945, la violence de guerre si elle est d’abord une expérience personnelle, est également essentielle pour l’historien car elle constitue le moyen d’affirmer le refus de l’occupation et du fascisme. Concernant en majorité des jeunes gens, cette violence coïncide souvent avec la fin de leur adolescence et est indissociable de leur éducation fasciste. Ses représentations sont présentes dans la presse clandestine et la littérature italienne des années 60.Accustomed to young italian partisans from 1943 to 1945, war violence if it is firstly a personnal experience, it is eqally essential to understand for historians because it also incorporates the way to assert occupation and fascisme’s refusal. Concerning young people, in majority, this violence often coincide with the end of their youth and is not severable from their fascist education. It is very perceptible and present in the clandestine press and the italian literature from sixties

Le football: un sport totalitaire? Histoire parallele des footballs allemand et italien dans l’entre-deux-guerres = El fútbol: ¿Un deporte totalitario? Historia paralela del fútbol alemán e italiano en el período de entreguerras = Football: A totality sport? Parallel history of German and Italian footballs in between two wars

Resumen: Los regímenes totalitarios han tratado de utilizar el deporte con fines políticos e ideológicos y de colocarlo en una posición alta en sus políticas deportivas. Primero quisieron acabar con la sociedad civil del fútbol eliminando las federaciones existentes o nombrando hombres leales a su cabeza. El fútbol se puso al servicio de la construcción del nuevo hombre, que no estuvo exento de problemas debido a la cultura profesional e internacional del juego. Finalmente, los regímenes totalitarios buscaron subvertir el internacionalismo en el fútbol, imponiendo sus valores y rituales o negándose a participar.Palabras clave: Fascismo, fútbol, relaciones internacionales, estalinismo, totalitarismo.Abstract: Totalitarian regimes have tried to use sport for political and ideological purposes and place it in a high position in their sports policies. First they wanted to put an end to the civil society of football by eliminating the existing federations or by appointing men loyal to their heads. Football was put at the service of the construction of the new man, who was not exempt from problems due to the professional and international culture of the game. Finally, totalitarian regimes sought to subvert internationalism in football, imposing their values and rituals or refusing to participate.Keywords: Fascism, football, international relations, Stalinism, totalitarianism

HISTÓRIA DOS ESPORTES NA FRANÇA E NA GRÃ-BRETANHA: AGENDAS NACIONAIS E PERSPECTIVAS EUROPEIAS

Resumo Pouco se fez em termos de história comparada dos esportes britânico e francês. Neste artigo, comparamos as historiografias do esporte em cada país, sublinhando os temas que atraíram maior atenção em cada caso, e refletimos sobre as implicações mais amplas para a escrita de uma história do esporte na Europa. No caso da Grã-Bretanha e da França, isto significa focar temas-chave gerais, como classe, identidade e imperialismo, do lado britânico; e educação, militarismo e religião, do francês. Palavras-Chave: historiografia; história do esporte; história nacional; história europeia.  Abstract Sports History in France and Britain: National Agendas and European Perspectives Very little comparative history of British and French sport has been done. This article compares the historiographies of sport in each country, underlining the themes that have attracted the most attention in each case, and reflects on the wider implications of this for writing a history of sport in Europe. In the case of Britain and France this means focusing on key general themes such as class, identity and imperialism on the British side and education, militarism, and religion on the French. Keywords: historiography; sport history; national history; European history

Differential expression and function of ABCG1 and ABCG4 during development and aging

ABCG1 and ABCG4 are highly homologous members of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter family that regulate cellular cholesterol homeostasis. In adult mice, ABCG1 is known to be expressed in numerous cell types and tissues, whereas ABCG4 expression is limited to the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we show significant differences in expression of these two transporters during development. Examination of β-galactosidase-stained tissue sections from Abcg1^(–/–)LacZ and Abcg4^(–/–)LacZ knockin mice shows that ABCG4 is highly but transiently expressed both in hematopoietic cells and in enterocytes during development. In contrast, ABCG1 is expressed in macrophages and in endothelial cells of both embryonic and adult liver. We also show that ABCG1 and ABCG4 are both expressed as early as E12.5 in the embryonic eye and developing CNS. Loss of both ABCG1 and ABCG4 results in accumulation in the retina and/or brain of oxysterols, in altered expression of liver X receptor and sterol-regulatory element binding protein-2 target genes, and in a stress response gene. Finally, behavioral tests show that Abcg4^(–/–) mice have a general deficit in associative fear memory. Together, these data indicate that loss of ABCG1 and/or ABCG4 from the CNS results in changes in metabolic pathways and in behavior

Le football africain entre immobilisme et extraversion

Symbole de l’espoir national des États d’Afrique aux indépendances, le football africain s’est radicalement transformé : lors de la Coupe du monde de 1970, aucun des joueurs zaïrois n’évoluait à l’étranger ; en 2006, aucun des footballeurs ivoiriens ne joue dans son pays. Pour comprendre la dynamique de cette extraversion grandissante, il faut prendre en compte un enchevêtrement de facteurs – l’implication d’acteurs locaux dans le transfert de joueurs à l’étranger, la bienveillante attention portée à l’implantation de structures de formation contrôlées depuis l’Europe, la création de sélections d’expatriés ou encore les naturalisations de joueurs étrangers.At the end of the colonial period, football was construed in Africa as a symbol of hope tied to the nation-building project. Since then, the situation has changed drastically. The contrast is stark : when the World Cup took place in 1970, none of the players on the Zairian team had careers outside their country ; the 2006 Cup will highlight the footwork of several Ivoirians, all playing for foreign teams. To grasp the growing focus on extraversion that this state of affairs underscores, it is necessary to take into consideration a complex mix of factors. Among these are : the role played by local actors in the transfer of players abroad ; the warm welcome that European-controlled training institutions have received on African soil ; European selection mechanisms focusing on African expatriates ; and the granting of citizenship to players brought to Europe from Africa

Une plongée dans les archives du football mondial : faire l'histoire de la Fédération internationale de football association

International audienc

Les migrations de footballeurs : un enjeu politique

International audienc

Raconter la guerre, faire renaître le sport : les dilemmes de la presse sportive pendant la Grande Guerre

International audienc