Produktivitätsorientierte Arbeitszeitverkürzung als beschäftigungspolitisches Instrument

"Vollbeschäftigung ist keineswegs der Normalzustand unserer Wirtschaftsordnung. Steigende Produktivität mit dem Ziel steigender Realeinkommen verursacht vielmehr einen stetigen Freisetzungsdruck. ... Da die keynesianischen Strategien mangels ausreichender Dimensionierung und die neoklassischen Strategien mangels ausreichender Elastizitäten keinen arbeitsmarktpolitischen Erfolg versprechen, empfiehlt sich die Reduzierung des Faktoreinsatzes. .. Weil die Reduzierung der Normalarbeitszeit ohne Lohnausgleich, also unter Hinnahme von Einkommenseinbußen, politisch nicht durchsetzbar ist, bleibt als einzige in größerem Maßstab realisierbare Form die Arbeitszeitverkürzung im Rahmen der Produktivitätssteigerung und an Stelle von Realeinkommenserhöhungen. Sie ist zugleich Arbeitszeitverkürzung mit vollem Lohnausgleich je Arbeitsstunde. Diese Variante der Arbeitszeitverkürzung verhindert Freisetzungen und ist insofern für eine langfristig orientierte Arbeitsmarktpolitik von entscheidender Bedeutung. Zu steigender Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften führt die produktivitätsorientierte Arbeitszeitverkürzung erst dann, wenn der Konsum der privaten Haushalte im Verhältnis zum Einkommen steigt. ... Ferner führt die Vermehrung der Feizeit zu steigendem Verbrauch von Gütern und Diensten. Durch die produktivitätsabhängige Arbeitszeitverkürzung werden die Löhne und die lohnproportionalen Kosten der Unternehmen im Durchschnitt nicht stärker erhöht als bei anderen Tariflohnsteigerungen. ... Entscheidend für die Kostenwirkung und den Absorptionseffekt bei gegebener Nachfrage ist die Auslastung der Betriebe. Es werden insgesamt 5 Betriebstypen nach dem Grad der Auslastung unterschieden und die Art ihrer Reaktion auf die Arbeitszeitverkürzung mit und ohne Lohnausgleich untersucht."Arbeitszeitverkürzung, Beschäftigungspolitik - Instrumentarium

The Brown Algal Virus EsV-1 Particle Contains a Putative Hybrid Histidine Kinase

AbstractThe Ectocarpus siliculosus virus, EsV-1, occurs worldwide in all populations of the filamentous marine brown alga E. siliculosus. We have screened an expression library of EsV-1 restriction fragments and identified a DNA clone with the potential to code for a 52-kDa histidine protein kinase. The derived amino acid sequence includes all homology boxes diagnostic for histidine protein kinases and, in addition, amino acid motifs that are commonly found in response regulators of bacterial two-component signal transduction proteins. Thus, the novel viral protein can be classified as a hybrid histidine protein kinase of a type that has previously been detected in fungi, slime molds, and plants. By using purified antibodies, we found that the protein with its potential kinase activity is located on the outer shell of viral particles. This is the first report on a two-component regulator-like protein in viruses and could provide the basis for speculations with regard to the evolution of EsV-1 and related viruses

Host and pathogen autophagy are central to the inducible local defences and systemic response of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera against the oomycete pathogen Anisolpidium ectocarpii

Acknowledgements: We thank Gillian Milne (Aberdeen Microscopy Facility) for her support in TEM preparations, and Martina Strittmatter, Cecilia Rad‐Menendez and Marie‐Mathilde Perrineau (CCAP/SAMS) for contributing with some algal/pathogen strains. PM was funded by Conicyt (Becas Chile no. 72130422) for PhD studies at the University of Aberdeen. CMMG and PM were funded by the NERC IOF Pump priming (scheme NE/L013223/1), the UKRI GCRF grant BB/P027806/1 and the H2020 project GENIALG (contract no. 727892). ME was funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), grant Y801‐B16. Funding Information: Conicyt. Grant Number: 72130422 NERC. Grant Number: NE/L013223/1 UKRI GCRF. Grant Number: BB/P027806/1 H2020 project GENIALG. Grant Number: 727892 Austrian Science Fund. Grant Number: Y801‐B16Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by small interfering RNAs directed against Glioma Pathogenesis Related Protein (GliPR) expression

Background: Previously, we showed that glioma pathogenesis related protein (GliPR) is induced in CEM T cells upon HIV-1 infection in vitro. To examine whether GliPR plays a role as HIV dependency factor (HDF), we tested the effect of GliPR suppression by siRNA on HIV-1 replication. Results: Induction of GliPR expression by HIV-1 was confirmed in P4-CCR5 cells. When GliPR was suppressed by siRNA, HIV-1 replication was significantly reduced as measured by HIV-1 transcript levels, HIV-1 p24 protein levels, and HIV-1 LTR-driven reporter gene expression, suggesting that GliPR is a cellular co-factor of HIV-1. Microarray analysis of uninfected HeLa cells following knockdown of GliPR revealed, among a multitude of gene expression alterations, a down-regulation of syndecan-1, syndecan-2, protein kinase C alpha (PRKCA), the catalytic subunit beta of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PRKACB), nuclear receptor co-activator 3 (NCOA3), and cell surface protein CD59 (protectin), all genes having relevance for HIV-1 pathology. Conclusions: The up-regulation of GliPR by HIV-1 and the early significant inhibition of HIV-1 replication mediated by knockdown of GliPR reveal GliPR as an important HIV-1 dependency factor (HDF), which may be exploited for HIV-1 inhibition

New records and observations of macroalgae and associated pathogens from the Falkland Islands, Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego

Subantarctic and Antarctic regions remain little explored with regards to their seaweed diversity. This study is based upon collections in the early 1970s and 2007–2013. It is supported by sequencing COI (mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I) and reports new records for four species of brown algae Hincksia granulosa, Hincksia sandriana, Myriotrichia clavaeformis, Syringoderma australe), four red algae (Erythrotrichia carnea, Paraglossum salicifolium, Phycodrys antarctica, Plumariopsis eatonii), one green alga (Chaetomorpha aerea) and of the oomycete Anisolpidium ectocarpii. A further four brown algae are reported at genus level and discussed (Cladostephus sp., Colpomenia sp., Dictyota sp., Punctaria sp.). Observations of the biology of three brown algal taxa (Cladothele decaisnei, Geminocarpus geminatus, Halopteris obovata) from the region are also reported here

The Quantum Hall Effect in a One-Dimensional Lateral Superlattice: Nearly Dissipationless Transport Across High Potential Barriers

We have investigated strongly modulated one- dimensional lateral superlattices in the quantum Hall regime. Although the modulation amplitude is comparable to the Fermi energy in the system, giving rise to zero magnetic field square resistances of up to 75 k¦¸, we observe nearly dissipationless transport across the barriers at integer filling factors. While the Hall resistance displays quantized plateaus, there are no gaps in the Landau level density of states. The experimental findings can be explained in terms of B¨¹ttiker¡¯s edge channel model involving the high aspect ratio of the barriers

How Acute and Chronic Alcohol Consumption Affects Brain Networks: Insights from Multimodal Neuroimaging

Background— Multimodal imaging combining 2 or more techniques is becoming increasingly important because no single imaging approach has the capacity to elucidate all clinically relevant characteristics of a network. Methods— This review highlights recent advances in multimodal neuroimaging (i.e., combined use and interpretation of data collected through magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, positron emission tomography, magnetoencephalography, MR perfusion, and MR spectroscopy methods) that leads to a more comprehensive understanding of how acute and chronic alcohol consumption affect neural networks underlying cognition, emotion, reward processing, and drinking behavior. Results— Several innovative investigators have started utilizing multiple imaging approaches within the same individual to better understand how alcohol influences brain systems, both during intoxication and after years of chronic heavy use. Conclusions— Their findings can help identify mechanism-based therapeutic and pharmacological treatment options, and they may increase the efficacy and cost effectiveness of such treatments by predicting those at greatest risk for relapse

Isosbestic points in the spectral function of correlated electrons

We investigate the properties of the spectral function A(omega,U) of correlated electrons within the Hubbard model and dynamical mean-field theory. Curves of A(omega,U) vs. omega for different values of the interaction U are found to intersect near the band-edges of the non-interacting system. For a wide range of U the crossing points are located within a sharply confined region. The precise location of these 'isosbestic points' depends on details of the non-interacting band structure. Isosbestic points of dynamic quantities therefore provide valuable insights into microscopic energy scales of correlated systems.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figure

Global Standards in Action: Insights from Anti-Money Laundering Regulation

As organizations have come under the increasing influence of global rules of all sorts, organization scholars have started studying the dynamics of global regulation. The purpose of this article is to identify and evaluate the contribution to this interdisciplinary field by the ‘Stockholm Centre for Organisational Research’. The latter’s key proposition is that while global regulation often consists of voluntary best practice rules it can nevertheless become highly influential under certain conditions. We assess how innovative this approach is using as a benchmark the state of the art in another field of relevance to the study of global regulation, i.e. ‘International Relations’. Our discussion is primarily theoretical but we draw on the case of global anti-money laundering regulation to illustrate our arguments and for inspirations of how to further elaborate the approach

Effects of Next-Nearest-Neighbor Hopping on the Hole Motion in an Antiferromagnetic Background

In this paper we study the effect of next-nearest-neighbor hopping on the dynamics of a single hole in an antiferromagnetic (N\'{e}el) background. In the framework of large dimensions the Green function of a hole can be obtained exactly. The exact density of states of a hole is thus calculated in large dimensions and on a Bethe lattice with large coordination number. We suggest a physically motivated generalization to finite dimensions (e.g., 2 and 3). In $d=2$ we present also the momentum dependent spectral function. With varying degree, depending on the underlying lattice involved, the discrete spectrum for holes is replaced by a continuum background and a few resonances at the low energy end. The latter are the remanents of the bound states of the $t-J$ model. Their behavior is still largely governed by the parameters $t$ and $J$. The continuum excitations are more sensitive to the energy scales $t$ and $t_1$.Comment: To appear in Phys. Rev. B, Revtex, 23 pages, 10 figures available on request from [email protected]