Development of a three-dimensional two-phase model for predicting coke formation inside tubes of petroleum preheating furnaces

Orientadores: José Roberto Nunhez, Everton Moraes MatosTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia QuímicaResumo: O escoamento de fluidos é, sem dúvida, de grande importância na indústria, especialmente no transporte de fluidos entre as unidades de operação. Sistemas multifásicos são bastante comuns, e em muitos casos, também ocorrem processos de transferência de massa e energia, como é o caso dos fornos de pré-aquecimento na indústria petroquímica. O escoamento gás-líquido nessas linhas é muitas vezes complexos, pois durante a vaporização da carga ocorre também o craqueamento térmico do petróleo. É comum nestas operações a formação de coque no interior do tubo, o que é muito indesejável. Para entender as condições nas quais esta formação de coque é minimizada, ou aumentada, foi proposto um modelo uidodinâmico computacional para simular o escoamento bifásico gás - liquido do petróleo no interior desses tubos. O modelo foi implementado na plataforma OpenFOAM, ao qual foram acrescidas novas rotinas para a estimativa das temperaturas e concentrações através das equações de conservação de massa e energia. O modelo k - epsilon foi utilizado para descrever a turbulência e dois modelos de vaporização foram utilizado para caracterizar a mudança de fase. Uma formulação não conservativa foi adotada na escrita das equações do modelo para maior estabilidade numérica em altas frações volumétricas. Foi também implementada uma rede cinética dependente da temperatura para descrever o craqueamento térmico. Através do modelo foi possível simular o escoamento tridimensional de petróleo no interior de um tubo com as dimensões da planta obtendo como resultado os perfis de velocidades, temperaturas e concentrações das fases líquida e gasosaAbstract: Fluid flow is of great importance in the industry, especially for its transport between the operating units. Multiphase systems are very frequent. In many cases, mass and energy transfer processes, such as the case of preheating furnaces in petrochemical industry, are also observed. The gas-liquid flow in these lines is often complex, because during the vaporization of the charge it also occurs the petroleum thermal cracking. It is common in these operations the very undesirable formation of coke inside the tube. With the aim of understanding under which conditions the formation of coke is minimized or increased it was proposed a computational fluid dynamic model for simulating the petroleum gas-liquid two-phase flow inside of these tubes. The model was implemented on the OpenFOAM software, to which new routines for the calculation of temperatures and concentrations using the equations of conservation of mass and energy were added. The model k - epsilon was used to describe the turbulence and two vaporization models were used to characterize the phase change. A non-conservative formulation was adopted for describing the equations of the model in order to obtain numerical stability at high volumetric fractions. It was also implemented a temperature dependent kinetic net to describe the thermal cracking. With this model it was possible to simulate the three-dimensional flow of petroleum inside a tube with real industrial dimensions as a result of the gas and liquid phase's profiles of velocities, temperatures and concentrationsDoutoradoDesenvolvimento de Processos QuímicosDoutor em Engenharia Químic

Contribuição à modelagem matemática do reator anaeróbio horizontal do leito fixo (RAHLF) para tratamento de águas residuárias.

This work studied the anaerobic horizontal reactor of fixed bed (RAHLF)for treatment of waste waters, developed in the Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation of the School of Engineering of São Carlos USP by investigating some mathematical models with two different RAHLFs conditions in different scales: the first in pilot scale by treating domestic and other in bench scale by treating synthetic substratum. The pseudo-homogeneous and heterogeneous models were investigated by considering or not the substratum dispersion in the axial direction. The models were resolved numerically by fourth order Runge-Kutta method, orthogonal collocation and finite differences. The values were compared to reactor experimental values. In the pseudo-homogeneous resolution model with dispersion by using the reactor data in pilot scale was adjusted the axial dispersion coefficient to 1,65.10-3 m2.s-1, after that was used in the solution of the heterogeneous model. The benches reactor values were used to obtain the dispersion coefficient as Zero. The parameter kinetic variation in the reactor was investigated by verifying that this variation is not responsible for the difference between the experimental data and those previewed by the model.Universidade Federal de Sao CarlosEste trabalho estudou o reator anaeróbio horizontal de leito fixo (RAHLF) para tratamento de águas residuárias, desenvolvido no Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento da Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos USP, investigando alguns modelos matemáticos com as condições de operação de dois RAHLFs em diferentes escalas: um em escala piloto tratando esgoto doméstico e outro em escala de bancada tratando substrato sintético. Foram investigados os modelos pseudo-homogêneos e heterogêneos, e estes por sua vez, considerando ou não a dispersão axial. Os modelos foram resolvidos numericamente utilizando os métodos de Runge-Kutta de quarta ordem, colocação ortogonal e diferenças finitas, comparando os valores obtidos pelos modelos com os valores experimentais dos reatores. Na resolução do modelo pseudo-homogêneo com dispersão utilizando os dados do reator em escala piloto foi ajustado o coeficiente de dispersão axial com valor de 1,65.10-3 m2.s-1, o qual foi posteriormente utilizado na solução do modelo heterogêneo. Utilizando os dados do reator em escala de bancada o ajuste forneceu um coeficiente de dispersão igual a zero. A variação do parâmetro cinético ao longo do reator foi investigada, verificando que esta variação não é responsável pelo desvio entre os dados experimentais e os previstos pelo modelo

Application of computational fluid dynamics on a study in swine facilities with mechanical ventilation system

Ventilation systems used in swine facilities deserve to be studied because they directly affect productivity in the pig farming sector. Bearing this in mind the uniformity of air distribution and temperature is essential to animal welfare in this breeding environment. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify whether changes in air entrances and exhaust fan positioning could influence air velocity and temperature distribution. The experimental data were collected in a commercial full-scale sow facility. Validation was carried out by comparing the simulated air temperatures and data measured in the field. These results showed agreement between data with a maximum relative error of approximately 3 %. The real settings showed a gradual increase in the air velocity from the air entrances and dead zones due to the change in airflow direction. There was no difference when the positioning of the exhaust fans was altered or was maintained in the original air entrances. The proposed arrangement with only one air inlet reduced the areas of low air movement as a consequence of the change in flow direction. Furthermore, the variables have the same pattern along the transversal plane. The simulations showed that the position of the air inlets had a higher influence on temperature distribution.753173183CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQSem informaçã

Application of computational fluid dynamics on a study in swine facilities with mechanical ventilation system

ABSTRACT: Ventilation systems used in swine facilities deserve to be studied because they directly affect productivity in the pig farming sector. Bearing this in mind the uniformity of air distribution and temperature is essential to animal welfare in this breeding environment. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify whether changes in air entrances and exhaust fan positioning could influence air velocity and temperature distribution. The experimental data were collected in a commercial full-scale sow facility. Validation was carried out by comparing the simulated air temperatures and data measured in the field. These results showed agreement between data with a maximum relative error of approximately 3 %. The real settings showed a gradual increase in the air velocity from the air entrances and dead zones due to the change in airflow direction. There was no difference when the positioning of the exhaust fans was altered or was maintained in the original air entrances. The proposed arrangement with only one air inlet reduced the areas of low air movement as a consequence of the change in flow direction. Furthermore, the variables have the same pattern along the transversal plane. The simulations showed that the position of the air inlets had a higher influence on temperature distribution

Application of computational fluid dynamics on a study in swine facilities with mechanical ventilation system

<div><p>ABSTRACT: Ventilation systems used in swine facilities deserve to be studied because they directly affect productivity in the pig farming sector. Bearing this in mind the uniformity of air distribution and temperature is essential to animal welfare in this breeding environment. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify whether changes in air entrances and exhaust fan positioning could influence air velocity and temperature distribution. The experimental data were collected in a commercial full-scale sow facility. Validation was carried out by comparing the simulated air temperatures and data measured in the field. These results showed agreement between data with a maximum relative error of approximately 3 %. The real settings showed a gradual increase in the air velocity from the air entrances and dead zones due to the change in airflow direction. There was no difference when the positioning of the exhaust fans was altered or was maintained in the original air entrances. The proposed arrangement with only one air inlet reduced the areas of low air movement as a consequence of the change in flow direction. Furthermore, the variables have the same pattern along the transversal plane. The simulations showed that the position of the air inlets had a higher influence on temperature distribution.</p></div