5,903 research outputs found
Analytical and experimental determination of signal-to-noise ratio and figure of merit in three phase-contrast imaging techniques
International audienceWe present a theoretical and experimental comparison of three X-ray phase-contrast techniques: propagation-based imaging, analyzer-based imaging and grating interferometry. The signal-to-noise ratio and the figure of merit are quantitatively compared for the three techniques on the same phantoms and using the same X-ray source and detector. Principal dependencies of the signal upon the numerous acquisition parameters, the spatial resolution and X-ray energy are discussed in detail. The sensitivity of each technique, in terms of the smallest detectable phase shift, is also evaluated
Anomalous prompt photon production in hadronic collisions at low-
We investigate the discrepancy that exists at low- between
the next--to--leading order QCD calculations of prompt photon production and
the measured cross section. The central values of the measured cross section
are of order 100\% larger than QCD predictions in this region. It has been
suggested that the bremsstrahlung contribution may account for this
discrepancy. The quark fragmentation function has not been
measured and an exactly known asymptotic form is normally used in calculations.
We examine the effect of much larger fragmentation functions on the QCD
predictions. After illustrating the effect of the large fragmentation functions
in some detail for recent CDF data at =1.8~TeV, we perform a
fit to 8 prompt photon data sets ranging in CMS energy from 24~GeV to 1.8~TeV.
While a large fragmentation function normalization may prove to play an
important role in resolving the discrepancy, the present theoretical and
experimental uncertainties prevent any definite normalization value from being
determined.Comment: 14 pages, LBL-33122 and UCB-PTH-92/38. 13 figures available by email,
specify postscript or topdrawe
A continuous sampling scheme for edge illumination x-ray phase contrast imaging
We discuss an alternative acquisition scheme for edge illumination (EI) x-ray phase contrast imaging (XPCi) based on a continuous scan of the object, and compare its performance to that of a previously used scheme, which involved scanning the object in discrete steps rather than continuously. By simulating signals for both continuous and discrete methods under realistic experimental conditions, the e ect of the spatial sampling rate is analysed with respect to metrics such as image contrast and accuracy of the retrieved phase shift. Experimental results con rm the theoretical predictions. Despite being limited to a speci c example, the results indicate that continuous schemes present advantageous features compared to discrete ones. Not only can they be used to speed up the acquisition, but they also prove superior in terms of accurate phase retrieval. The theory and experimental results provided in this study will guide the design of future EI experiments through the implementation of optimised acquisition schemes and sampling rates
Comparing signal intensity and refraction sensitivity of double and single mask edge illumination lab-based x-ray phase contrast imaging set-ups
Double mask edge illumination (DM-EI) set-ups can detect differential phase and attenuation information from a sample. However, analytical separation of the two signals often requires acquiring two frames with inverted differential phase contrast signals. Typically, between these two acquisitions, the first mask is moved to create a different illumination condition. This can lead to potential errors which adversely affect the data collected. In this paper, we implement a single mask EI laboratory set-up that allows for a single shot retrieval of the differential phase and attenuation images, without the need for a high resolution detector or high magnification. As well as simplifying mask alignment, the advantages of the proposed set-up can be exploited in one of two ways: either the total acquisition time can be halved with respect to the DM-EI set-up or, for the same acquisition time, twice the statistics can be collected. In this latter configuration, the signal-to-noise ratio and contrast in the mixed intensity images, and the angular sensitivity of the two set-ups were compared. We also show that the angular sensitivity of the single mask set-up can be well approximated from its illumination curve, which has been modelled as a convolution between the source spatial distribution at the detector plane, the pre-sample mask and the detector point spread function (PSF). A polychromatic wave optics simulation was developed on these bases and benchmarked against experimental data. It can also be used to predict the angular sensitivity and contrast of any set-up as a function of detector PSF
Laboratory implementation of edge illumination X-ray phase-contrast imaging with energy-resolved detectors
Edge illumination (EI) X-ray phase-contrast imaging (XPCI) has potential for applications in different fields of research, including materials science, non-destructive industrial testing, small-animal imaging, and medical imaging. One of its main advantages is the compatibility with laboratory equipment, in particular with conventional non-microfocal sources, which makes its exploitation in normal research laboratories possible. In this work, we demonstrate that the signal in laboratory implementations of EI can be correctly described with the use of the simplified geometrical optics. Besides enabling the derivation of simple expressions for the sensitivity and spatial resolution of a given EI setup, this model also highlights the EI’s achromaticity. With the aim of improving image quality, as well as to take advantage of the fact that all energies in the spectrum contribute to the image contrast, we carried out EI acquisitions using a photon-counting energy-resolved detector. The obtained results demonstrate that this approach has great potential for future laboratory implementations of EI. © (2015) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only
Simplified retrieval method for Edge illumination X-ray phase contrast imaging allowing multi-modal imaging with fewer input frames
We present data from an implementation of Edge Illumination (EI) that uses a detector aperture designed for increasing dynamic range, suitable for clinically relevant X-ray energies and demonstrated here using synchrotron radiation. By utilising a sufficiently large crosstalk between pixels, this implementation enables single-scan imaging for phase and absorption, and double-scan for phase, absorption and dark field imaging. The presence of the detector mask enables a direct comparison between conventional EI and beam tracking (BT), which we conduct through Monte Carlo and analytical modelling in the case of a single-scan being used for the retrieval of all three contrasts. In the present case, where the X-ray beam width is comparable to the pixel size, we provide an analysis on best-positioning of the beam on the detector for accurate signal retrieval. Further, we demonstrate an application of this method by distinguishing different concentrations of microbubbles via their dark field signals at high energy using an EI system
Minijet corrections to Higgs production
We study higher order corrections to Higgs production with an associated jet
at SSC energies, using the resummation of the leading logarithmic contributions
to multiple gluon emissions due to Lipatov and collaborators. We find a
considerable enhancement of Higgs production at large transverse momenta.Comment: 15 page
On parton distributions beyond the leading order
The importance of properly taking into account the factorization scheme
dependence of parton distribution functions is emphasized. A serious error in
the usual handling of this topic is pointed out and the correct procedure for
transforming parton distribution functions from one factorisation scheme to
another recalled. It is shown that the conventional and
DIS definitions thereof are ill-defined due to the lack of distinction between
the factorisation scheme dependence of parton distribution functions and
renormalisation scheme dependence of the strong coupling constant . A
novel definition of parton distribution functions is suggested and its role in
the construction of consistent next-to-leading order event generators briefly
outlined.Comment: PRA-HEP-93/05, Latex, 10 pages and 2 Postscript figures appended at
the end of this fil
Theoretical comparison of three X-ray phase-contrast imaging techniques: propagation-based imaging, analyzer-based imaging and grating interferometry
Various X-ray phase-contrast imaging techniques have been developed and applied over the last twenty years in different domains, such as material sciences, biology and medicine. However, no comprehensive inter-comparison exists in the literature. We present here a theoretical study that compares three among the most used techniques: propagation-based imaging (PBI), analyzer-based imaging (ABI) and grating interferometry (GI). These techniques are evaluated in terms of signal-to-noise ratio, figure of merit and spatial resolution. Both area and edge signals are considered. Dependences upon the object properties (absorption, phase shift) and the experimental acquisition parameters (energy, system point-spread function etc.) are derived and discussed. The results obtained from this analysis can be used as the reference for determining the most suitable technique for a given application
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