Effect of a traditional control method (tree removal) on the spread of sharka in an apricot orchard in Southeastern Spain

The spatial spread of sharka disease (Plum pox virus, PPV) was studied from 1990 to 2002 in a traditional apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) orchard located in Murcia (Southeast of Spain). The occurrence of sharka was determined by the visual observation of symptoms on leaves and fruits during the ripening stage, when symptoms are most visible. To ascertain PPV in doubtful samples, an ELISA-DASI assay was applied to the leaves. All trees infected the previous year were pulled up and were not replanted. Results showed that the virus was introduced to the farm by natural vectors (aphids) from a neighbouring sharka-infected plum orchard. It was then transmitted from these infected trees mainly to nearby trees by the same vectors, although also often to trees standing quite a distance away. The long interval between infection and symptom appearance makes eradication of the disease more difficult. Pulling up infected trees as a control method reduced the percentage of trees ultimately lost, and over the long term could stop the further spread of the disease

Effect of a traditional control method (tree removal) on the spread of sharka in an apricot orchard in Southeastern Spain

The spatial spread of sharka disease (Plum pox virus, PPV) was studied from 1990 to 2002 in a traditional apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) orchard located in Murcia (Southeast of Spain). The occurrence of sharka was determined by the visual observation of symptoms on leaves and fruits during the ripening stage, when symptoms are most visible. To ascertain PPV in doubtful samples, an ELISA-DASI assay was applied to the leaves. All trees infected the previous year were pulled up and were not replanted. Results showed that the virus was introduced to the farm by natural vectors (aphids) from a neighbouring sharka-infected plum orchard. It was then transmitted from these infected trees mainly to nearby trees by the same vectors, although also often to trees standing quite a distance away. The long interval between infection and symptom appearance makes eradication of the disease more difficult. Pulling up infected trees as a control method reduced the percentage of trees ultimately lost, and over the long term could stop the further spread of the disease

Blockchain in Service Management and Service Research – Developing a Research Agenda and Managerial Implications

As blockchain technology is maturing to be confidently used in practice, its applications are becoming evident and, correspondingly, more blockchain research is being published, also extending to more domains than before. To date, scientific research in the field has predominantly focused on subject areas such as finance, computer science, and engineering, while the area of service management has largely neglected this topic. Therefore, we invited a group of renowned scholars from different academic fields to share their views on emerging topics regarding blockchain in service management and service research. Their individual commentaries and conceptual contributions refer to different theoretical and domain perspectives, including managerial implications for service companies as well as forward-looking suggestions for further research.Information and Communication TechnologyEconomics of Technology and Innovatio

Pedigree analysis of 220 almond genotypes reveals two world mainstream breeding lines based on only three different cultivars

Loss of genetic variability is an increasing challenge in tree breeding programs due to the repeated use of a reduced number of founder genotypes. However, in almond, little is known about the genetic variability in current breeding stocks, although several cases of inbreeding depression have been reported. To gain insights into the genetic structure in modern breeding programs worldwide, marker-verified pedigree data of 220 almond cultivars and breeding selections were analyzed. Inbreeding coefficients, pairwise relatedness, and genetic contribution were calculated for these genotypes. The results reveal two mainstream breeding lines based on three cultivars: “Tuono”, “Cristomorto”, and “Nonpareil”. Descendants from “Tuono” or “Cristomorto” number 76 (sharing 34 descendants), while “Nonpareil” has 71 descendants. The mean inbreeding coefficient of the analyzed genotypes was 0.041, with 14 genotypes presenting a high inbreeding coefficient, over 0.250. Breeding programs from France, the USA, and Spain showed inbreeding coefficients of 0.075, 0.070, and 0.037, respectively. According to their genetic contribution, modern cultivars from Israel, France, the USA, Spain, and Australia trace back to a maximum of six main founding genotypes. Among the group of 65 genotypes carrying the Sf allele for self-compatibility, the mean relatedness coefficient was 0.125, with “Tuono” as the main founding genotype (24.7% of total genetic contribution). The results broaden our understanding about the tendencies followed in almond breeding over the last 50 years and will have a large impact into breeding decision-making process worldwide. Increasing current genetic variability is required in almond breeding programs to assure genetic gain and continuing breeding progress.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Genetic analysis for physical nut traits in almond

Peer ReviewedPublishe

Pedigree analysis of 220 almond genotypes reveals two world mainstream breeding lines based on only three different cultivars

[ES]: Reducir la pérdida de variabilidad genética es un reto en los programas de mejora debido al repetido uso de un escaso número de genotipos. Para estudiar la variabilidad genética del almendro en su mejora a nivel mundial se utilizaron datos genealógicos de 222 variedades y selecciones provenientes de Argentina, Australia, Francia, Grecia, Israel, Italia, Rusia, España y EE. UU. Se calculó la consanguinidad, las relaciones por parejas y la contribución genética para todos los genotipos. Los resultados señalan dos principales líneas de mejora basadas en tres cultivares ‘Tuono’–‘Cristomorto’ y ‘Nonpareil’. Existen 75 descendientes directos (compartiendo 30) de ‘Tuono’ o ‘Cristomorto’ mientras que ‘Nonpareil’ tiene 72 descendientes directos. El coeficiente medio de consanguinidad de los genotipos analizados fue 0,036, con 13 presentando una elevada consanguinidad. Los programas de mejora de EE. UU. (0,06), Francia (0,05) y España (0,03) mostraron consanguinidad. De acuerdo con su contribución genética, las variedades modernas de Israel, Francia, EE. UU., España y Australia, se basan en seis, cinco, cuatro, cuatro y dos genotipos fundadores principales respectivamente. Entre el grupo de 65 genotipos con el alelo Sf de autocompatibilidad, el coeficiente medio de relación fue de 0,133, con ‘Tuono’ como principal fundador (23,75% de la contribución genética total).[EN]: Loss of genetic variability is a challenge increasing when breeding due to the repeated use of a reduced number of founders. Pedigree data of 222 almond cultivars and selections were used to study worldwide genetic variability in modern programs from Argentina, Australia, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Russia, Spain and USA. Inbreeding coefficients, pairwise relatedness and genetic contribution were calculated. The results reveal two mainstream breeding lines based in three cultivars: ‘Tuono’–‘Cristomorto’ and ‘Nonpareil’. Direct descendants from ‘Tuono’ or ‘Cristomorto’ account to 75 (sharing 30 descendants), while ‘Nonpareil’ has 72 direct descendants. The mean inbreeding coefficient of the analyzed genotypes was 0.036, with 13 genotypes presenting a high inbreeding coefficient. Breeding programs from USA (0.06), France (0.05) and Spain (0.03) showed inbreeding. According to their genetic contribution, modern cultivars from Israel, France, USA, Spain and Australia, trace back to six, five, four, four and two main founders respectively. Among the group of 65 genotypes with the Sf allele for self–compatibility, the mean relatedness coefficient was 0.133, with ‘Tuono’ as main founder (23.75% of total genetic contribution).Peer reviewe

Renversement de l\u27axe dorso-ventral du noeud de Hensen dans la ligne primitive de l\u27embryon de Poulet

Volume: 73Start Page: 43End Page: 5

Breaking dormancy of GF305 peach and Real Fino apricot trees during the evaluation of resistance to sharka (plum pox potyvirus)

In countries like Spain or France, where sharka (plum pox potyvirus) is not as widespread as it is in Greece or Central Europe, experiments to evaluate apricot resistance have to be carried out in controlled conditions using insect-proof greenhouses. One of the most important aspects of such growth conditions is the application of periods of artificially induced dormancy in cold chambers so that tree species from temperate zones can undergo the necessary endodormancy-breaking step. In the experiment described in this paper, GF305 peach and Real Fino apricot seedlings were exposed to artificial periods of cold (7 $^\circ$C) and darkness lasting 3 to 12 weeks (between 504 and 2016 hours of cold) in order to determine the optimum period for subsequent good vegetative growth. After removal from the cold chamber, the plants were placed in a greenhouse and weekly recordings were made of the percentage of leaf buds sprouted and vegetative growth. The optimal periods were found to be 5 weeks (840 hours of cold) for GF305 and 8 weeks (1344 hours of cold) for Real Fino.Levée de dormance du pêcher GF305 et de l'abricotier Real Fino pendant l'évaluation de la résistance à la sharka (plum pox potyvirus). Dans des pays comme la France ou l'Espagne, où la sharka n'est pas aussi répandue qu'en Grèce ou en Europe Centrale, les expériences pour évaluer la résistance de l'abricotier doivent être conduites dans des conditions contrôlées en utilisant des serres indemnes d'insectes. Un des aspects les plus importants des ces conditions de culture est la nécessité d'appliquer des périodes d'induction artificielle de dormance pour que ces arbres des zones tempérées puissent passer l'étape indispensable de la levée de dormance. Dans l'expérience décrite, des plantules du pêcher GF305 et de l'abricotier Real Fino ont été exposées à des périodes artificielles de froid (7 $^\circ$C) et d'obscurité durant 3 à 12 semaines (entre 504 et 2016 heures de froid) pour définir la période optimale permettant une bonne croissance végétative subséquente. A la sortie de la chambre froide, les plantes ont été placées en serre et des mesures hebdomadaires ont été faites du pourcentage de bourgeons de feuilles démarrés et de la croissance végétative. Les périodes optimales ont été de 5 semaines (840 heures de froid) pour GF 305 et de 8 semaines (1344 heures de froid) pour Real Fino