Tocopherols microencapsulation with chemistry interesterify low trans fat matrix

Orientador: Lireny Aparecida Guaraldo GonçalvesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de AlimentosResumo: O presente projeto visou estabelecer condições ideais de obtenção de um produto que poderá ser disponibolizado para comercialização no Brasil tendo como foco a encapsulação para aplicação na área alimentícia. Tocoferóis são antioxidantes naturais que podem ser utilizados para enriquecimento de alimentos. Contudo há a necessidade de proteção desse agente ativo por métodos especiais como a microencapsulação. No presente estudo foram desenvolvidos sistemas compostos por micropartículas obtidas por ¿spray chilling" utilizando lipídios interesterificados sem isômeros trans com óleo de soja totalmente hidrogenado na relação de 70:30% m/m respectivamente, com ponto de fusão na faixa de 40-65 °C para formação das matrizes. Alfa-tocoferol foi utilizado como principio ativo a ser encapsulado. Para a obtenção das micropartículas matrizes lipídicas foram fundidas e mantidas em banho à temperatura de 65 °C . O a-tocoferol foi adicionado nas misturas lipídicas que em seguida foram homogeinizados em ultraturrax. As soluções foram pulverizadas em atomizador duplo fluido aquecido também a 65 °C e pressão de ar de 0,25 MPa, com a a tomização efetuada dentro de uma câmara resfriada a 10 °C. Foi realizado um p lanejamento DCCR (Delineamento Central Rotacional) com 2 variáveis independentes: a velocidade de homogeneização (3000 a 11000 rpm) e a concentração de tocoferol (5-25 g/100g). A quantificação do princípio ativo encapsulado foi realizada utilizando técnica isocrática de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Os tratamentos foram caracterizados em relação à eficiência de encapsulação, morfologia, tamanho médio, estabilidade e liberação do princípio ativo. Para o estudo da estabilidade os tratamentos foram submetidos à estocagem por 180 dias em três diferentes temperaturas (ambiente 25°C ±5 °C, em estufa 22 °C e freezer a -18°C). Medidas de difração de raios-X (0 , 60, 120, 180 dias) e medidas calorimétricas (tempo zero) foram efetuadas. Foi realizada a incorporação das micropartículas em um produto comercial (Iogurte), que foi avaliado sensorialmente. De forma geral, as partículas lipídicas obtidas neste trabalho apresentaram bons resultados quanto à eficiência de encapsulação e apresentando forma esférica, com paredes contínuas, porém rugosas. Os termogramas, obtidos por calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), em tempo zero, não apresentaram diferenças entre os ensaios. Os difratogramas foram muito semelhantes entre os tratamentos e constatou-se a presença de 3 picos principais que parecem estar associados à forma polimórfica ß. As micropartículas de liberação apresentaram boa capacidade de controle da liberação do composto ativo, mostrando-se potenciais para o uso futuro na indústria de alimentos. Finalmente os resultados da análise sensorial de aceitação não foram estatisticamente significativos para os atributos avaliadosAbstract: This project aimed to establish optimal conditions for obtaining a product that will be commercially available in Brazil, focusing on encapsulation for use in the food industry. Tocopherols are natural antioxidants that can be used for food enrichment.However, there is the need for protection of active agent by special methods, such as microencapsulation. The present study developed systems composed of microparticles obtained by "spray chilling" using an interesterified fat with no trans isomers with fully hydrogenated soybean oil in the ratio of 70:30% w/w respectively, with a melting point in the range of 40-65°C for the formation of matrices to encapsulate a-tocopherol as active principle.To obtain small particles a lipid matrices were melted in a water bath at a temperature of 65°C. The a-tocopherol was added to the lipid mixtures and then homogenized in Ultra Turrax for 5 min.The solutions were sprayed in double-fluid atomizer also heated to 65°C and air pressure of 0.25 MPa, the atomization performed inside a chamber cooled to 10°C. Were conducted a CCR design (Central Compo site Rotational Design) with two independent variables: the speed of homogenization (3000 to 11000 rpm) and the concentration of tocopherol (5-25 g/100 g).The quantification of the active ingredient encapsulated was performed using isocratic HPLC technique. The treatments were characterized with respect to encapsulation efficiency, morphology, average size and stability of the microparticles and release of active ingredient.For the stability study treatments were subjected to storage for 180 days at three different temperatures (ambient 25°C ± 5°C , 22°C in an oven and freezer -18°C).Since x-rays diffraction measurements (0, 60, 120, 180 days) and calorimetric measurements (time zero) were made. Were performed the incorporation of the microparticles in a commercial product (yogurt), which was evaluated using the sensory evaluation.In general, the lipid particles studied in this work showed good results in terms of encapsulation efficiency showing spherical shape, with solid rough walls. The thermograms obtained by DSC at time zero did not differ between trials.The XRD patterns were very similar among treatments and found the presence of three major peaks that are associated with the polymorphic form ß. The microparticles showed good ability to control the release of the active principle, showing potential for future use in the food industry. Finally the results of an smooth sensory acceptance indicated that the tested samples did not differ statistically from the standard sample for evaluated attributesDoutoradoTecnologia de AlimentosDoutor em Tecnologia de Alimento

la La interrupción en el tratamiento de anemia incrementa la prevalencia: una comparación antes y durante la pandemia del Covid 19 en una provincia Alto Andina del Perú

Introduction: Anemia in the world increased during the Covid-19 pandemic; uninterrupted treatment decreases its prevalence: Objective: to determine the relationship between access to treatment and prevalence of anemia before and during the pandemic in children under 5 years of age in the province of Angaraes - Peru. Method: relational research, correlational, cross-sectional design, using data from the Ministry of Health His Report and SIEN through a registration form validated by experts. For access to treatment the population was 771 and 903 children, for prevalence (3651, 3284), (3202 and 2754) children; normality was ruled out by kolmogorof Smirnov, Spearman's Rho and Mann-Whitney U (95% CI) were applied. Results: Before the pandemic, 46.7% accessed treatment without interruption, 19.5% with one month of interruption and 8.2% six months; during the pandemic it increased to 27.2% without interruption, 23.3% with one month of interruption and 19.5% six months; conditioning an increase in prevalence of 4.5% between 2020 and 2021; the mean prevalence before was 35% (95% C.I.: 31.2% - 38.5%); the mean prevalence before the pandemic was 35% (95% C.I.: 31.2% - 38.5%). C 95%: 31.2% - 38.8%) and during was 40.6% (C.I 95%: 36.6% - 44.2%); with an error of 0.005 there is a relationship between access to treatment and prevalence, the Rho Spearman value 0.115 indicates a low relationship; with a p value of 0.000 there is a difference in prevalence before and after. Conclusion: There is a low intensity relationship between access to treatment and prevalence of anemia, the latter being higher during the pandemic.Introducción: La anemia en el mundo se acrecentó durante la pandemia del Covid-19; un tratamiento sin interrupción disminuye su prevalencia: Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre el acceso al tratamiento y prevalencia de anemia antes y durante la pandemia en niños menores de 5 años de la provincia de Angaraes - Perú. Método: investigación relacional, diseño correlacional, transversal, se utilizó datos del Ministerio de Salud His Report y SIEN mediante una ficha de registro validado por expertos. Para el acceso al tratamiento la población fue 771 y 903 niños, para la prevalencia (3651, 3284), (3202 y 2754) niños; se descartó la normalidad mediante kolmogorof Smirnov, se aplicó la Rho de Spearman y U de Mann-Whitney (IC 95%). Resultados: Antes de la pandemia el 46,7% accedió al tratamiento sin interrupción, 19,5% con un mes de interrupción y 8,2% seis meses; durante la pandemia incremento a 27,2% sin interrupción, 23,3% un mes de interrupción y 19,5% seis meses; condicionando un incremento en la prevalencia en 4,5% entre el año 2020 al 2021; la media de la prevalencia antes fue 35% (I.C 95%: 31,2% – 38,8%) y durante fue de 40,6% (I.C 95%: 36,6% – 44,2%); con un error de 0.005 existe relación entre el acceso al tratamiento y prevalencia, el valor de Rho Spearman 0,115 indica baja relación; con un p valor de 0,000 existe diferencia en la prevalencia antes y después. Conclusión: Existe relación de baja intensidad entre el acceso a tratamiento y prevalencia de anemia, siendo esta última mayor durante la pandemia

la La interrupción en el tratamiento de anemia incrementa la prevalencia: una comparación antes y durante la pandemia del Covid 19 en una provincia Alto Andina del Perú

Introduction: Anemia in the world increased during the Covid-19 pandemic; uninterrupted treatment decreases its prevalence: Objective: to determine the relationship between access to treatment and prevalence of anemia before and during the pandemic in children under 5 years of age in the province of Angaraes - Peru. Method: relational research, correlational, cross-sectional design, using data from the Ministry of Health His Report and SIEN through a registration form validated by experts. For access to treatment the population was 771 and 903 children, for prevalence (3651, 3284), (3202 and 2754) children; normality was ruled out by kolmogorof Smirnov, Spearman's Rho and Mann-Whitney U (95% CI) were applied. Results: Before the pandemic, 46.7% accessed treatment without interruption, 19.5% with one month of interruption and 8.2% six months; during the pandemic it increased to 27.2% without interruption, 23.3% with one month of interruption and 19.5% six months; conditioning an increase in prevalence of 4.5% between 2020 and 2021; the mean prevalence before was 35% (95% C.I.: 31.2% - 38.5%); the mean prevalence before the pandemic was 35% (95% C.I.: 31.2% - 38.5%). C 95%: 31.2% - 38.8%) and during was 40.6% (C.I 95%: 36.6% - 44.2%); with an error of 0.005 there is a relationship between access to treatment and prevalence, the Rho Spearman value 0.115 indicates a low relationship; with a p value of 0.000 there is a difference in prevalence before and after. Conclusion: There is a low intensity relationship between access to treatment and prevalence of anemia, the latter being higher during the pandemic.Introducción: La anemia en el mundo se acrecentó durante la pandemia del Covid-19; un tratamiento sin interrupción disminuye su prevalencia: Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre el acceso al tratamiento y prevalencia de anemia antes y durante la pandemia en niños menores de 5 años de la provincia de Angaraes - Perú. Método: investigación relacional, diseño correlacional, transversal, se utilizó datos del Ministerio de Salud His Report y SIEN mediante una ficha de registro validado por expertos. Para el acceso al tratamiento la población fue 771 y 903 niños, para la prevalencia (3651, 3284), (3202 y 2754) niños; se descartó la normalidad mediante kolmogorof Smirnov, se aplicó la Rho de Spearman y U de Mann-Whitney (IC 95%). Resultados: Antes de la pandemia el 46,7% accedió al tratamiento sin interrupción, 19,5% con un mes de interrupción y 8,2% seis meses; durante la pandemia incremento a 27,2% sin interrupción, 23,3% un mes de interrupción y 19,5% seis meses; condicionando un incremento en la prevalencia en 4,5% entre el año 2020 al 2021; la media de la prevalencia antes fue 35% (I.C 95%: 31,2% – 38,8%) y durante fue de 40,6% (I.C 95%: 36,6% – 44,2%); con un error de 0.005 existe relación entre el acceso al tratamiento y prevalencia, el valor de Rho Spearman 0,115 indica baja relación; con un p valor de 0,000 existe diferencia en la prevalencia antes y después. Conclusión: Existe relación de baja intensidad entre el acceso a tratamiento y prevalencia de anemia, siendo esta última mayor durante la pandemia