Abordagem sócio-histórica sobre a evolução da assistência ao parto num município de médio porte de Minas Gerais (1960-2001)

Trata-se de caracterizar a evolução da série histórica quanto ao tipo de parto, normal, cesárea e fórceps, no período de 1960 a 2001, nas três maternidades mais antigas e conveniadas ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) de Juiz de Fora. O método utilizado denomina-se história serial e permite a comparabilidade entre eventos históricos em determinado período de tempo. Foi identificado o aumento de incorporação tecnológica nesta trajetória e o crescente uso da cesariana até 1998, quando se identifica o impacto da portaria nº 2816, proposta pelo Ministério da Saúde, através de inversão dessa tendência com elevação do número de partos normais. A diferenciação constatada do tipo de parto de acordo com a categoria de internação aponta para uma discussão marcadamente política, que diz respeito às relações sociais em que se entrelaçam desigualdades de diversas ordens, entre elas as de gênero e de classe social. Conhecer as desigualdades e problematizar sua existência, traduzida em perfis de morbimortalidade e padrões desiguais de assistência, é precondição para obter o encaminhamento da solução

M1 and M2 macrophages derived from THP-1 cells differentially modulate the response of cancer cells to etoposide

BACKGROUND: Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are present in high density in solid tumors. TAMs share many characteristics with alternatively activated macrophages, also called M2. They have been shown to favor tumor development and a role in chemoresistance has also been suggested. Here, we investigated the effects of M2 in comparison to M1 macrophages on cancer cell sensitivity to etoposide. METHODS: We set up a model of macrophage polarization, starting from THP-1 monocytes differentiated into macrophages using PMA (Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate). Once differentiated (M0 macrophages), they were incubated with IL-4 and IL-13 in order to obtain M2 polarized macrophages or with IFN-gamma and LPS for classical macrophage activation (M1). To mimic the communication between cancer cells and TAMs, M0, M1 or M2 macrophages and HepG2 or A549 cancer cells were co-cultured during respectively 16 (HepG2) or 24 (A549) hours, before etoposide exposure for 24 (HepG2) or 16 (A549) hours. After the incubation, the impact of etoposide on macrophage polarization was studied and cancer cell apoptosis was assessed by western-blot for cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP-1 protein, caspase activity assay and FACS analysis of Annexin V and PI staining. RESULTS: mRNA and protein expression of M1 and M2 markers confirmed the polarization of THP-1-derived macrophages, which provide a new, easy and well-characterized model of polarized human macrophages. Etoposide-induced cancer cell apoptosis was markedly reduced in the presence of THP-1 M2 macrophages, while apoptosis was increased in cells co-cultured with M1 macrophages. On the other hand, etoposide did not influence M1 or M2 polarization. CONCLUSIONS: These results evidence for the first time a clear protective effect of M2 on the contrary to M1 macrophages on etoposide-induced cancer cell apoptosis

Search for the bcb_c meson in hadronic Z decays

A search for the Bc meson decaying into the channels J/psi pi+ and J/psi l nu (l = e or mu) is performed in a sample of 3.9 million hadronic Z decays collected by the ALEPH detector. This search results in the observation of 0 and 2 candidates in each of these channels, respectively, while 0.44 and 0.81 background events are expected. The following 90\% confidence level upper limits are derived: Br(Z->Bc X)/Br(Z->q q )*Br(Bc->J/psi pi+) 3.6 10^-5 Br(Z->Bc X)/Br(Z->q q )*Br(Bc->J/psi l nu) 5.2 10^-5 An additional Bc->J/psi(e+e-) mu nu candidate with very low background probability, found in an independent analysis, is also described in detail