Financeirização do ensino superior: uma análise das implicações sobre o trabalho docente

This paper aims to discuss how the demands and logics of the financial market are reflected in the work of teachers in private and financialized higher education organizations in Brazil, identifying elements that contribute to the debate about the daily implications of financialization in the activity of teachers. Based on exploratory research with male and female teachers inserted in the context of the financialization of higher education and the subsequent content analysis of the responses obtained, it was shown that financialization deepens the process of transformation of labor initiated by the commodification of education. In addition to the precariousness and intensification of work, which are reflections of elements of financialization such as the preference for liquidity and short-term profitability, financialization reconfigures teaching and education management work, increasing standardization, widening the distance between management and teaching work and introducing new roles related to the management of appearances within these organizations and the consequent self-marketing and self-promotion of teachers.Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir cómo las demandas y lógicas del mercado financiero se reflejan en el trabajo de los profesores que actúan en la educación superior privada y financiarizada en Brasil, identificando elementos que contribuyen al debate sobre las implicaciones cotidianas de la financiarización en la actividad de maestros. A partir de una investigación exploratoria con profesores y profesoras insertas en el contexto de la financiarización de la educación superior y el posterior análisis de contenido de las respuestas obtenidas, se demostró que la financiarización profundiza el proceso de transformación del trabajo docente iniciado por la mercantilización de la educación. Además de la precariedad e intensificación del trabajo, reflejo de elementos de la financiarización como la preferencia por la liquidez y la rentabilidad a corto plazo, la financiarización reconfigura el trabajo de gestión docente y educativa, aumentando la estandarización, ampliando la distancia entre la gestión y el trabajo docente e introduciendo nuevos roles relacionados con la gestión de las comparecencias dentro de estas organizaciones y la consecuente autocomercialización y autopromoción de los docentes.Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir como as demandas e as lógicas próprias ao mercado financeiro refletem-se na atividade laboral de professores que atuam no ensino superior privado e financeirizado no Brasil, indetificando elementos que contribuam com o debate acerca das implicações cotidianas da financeirização na atividade de professores. A partir de pesquisa exploratória com professoras e professores inseridos no contexto da financeirização do ensino superior e da posterior análise de conteúdo das respostas obtidas, mostrou-se que a financeirização aprofunda o processo de transformação do trabalho docente iniciado pela mercantilização da educação. Para além da precarização e da intensificação do trabalho, reflexos de elementos da financeirização tais como a preferência pela liquidez e pela rentabilidade a curto prazo, a financeirização reconfigura o trabalho docente e de gestão da educação, aumentando a padronização, ampliando a distância entre a gestão e o trabalho docente e introduzindo novos papéis relacionados à gestão das aparências dentro dessas organizações e à consequente auto-comercialização e auto-promoção dos professores

COMPETE FOR WHAT? FACULTY PERCEPTIONS OF THE PUBLIC HIGHER EDUCATION REFORMS IN BRAZIL

ABSTRACT The marketization and financialization of higher education in Brazil can bring severe social and economic consequences. This research aimed to understand how the faculty body of a public university in Brazil perceives the reforms of the public higher education system, which are currently undergoing political approval. The results of the analysis of variance test suggest that there is a significant difference between professors aligned with neoliberal values and those who are not, in the direction that the alignment to neoliberal values undervalue the importance of the public higher education system to society. Also, professors aligned with neoliberal values are more likely to give away administrative autonomy to external stakeholders, focusing more on meeting students’ expectations, and seeking private sponsorship to raise funds

Manejo Terapêutico do Paciente Queimado: Revisão de Literatura

Burns are traumatic wounds resulting from thermal, chemical, electrical or radioactive agents that compromise vital skin functions. In Brazil, they constitute one of the main external causes of death, alongside transport accidents and homicides. An integrative review was carried out, using the Google Scholar database with the following descriptors “Burn”, “Pain Management”, “Therapeutic Indication”. In which 8 articles were selected from 1,710, published in English and Portuguese from 2019 to 2024. The main author conducted the analysis, with disagreements resolved between the authors. WHO estimates indicate 300,000 annual deaths from burns globally. In Brazil, one million people suffer burns annually, with young adults being the most vulnerable, mainly in domestic or work environments. The classification of burns, extent of the affected area and treatment are fundamental for the best therapeutic management, given that pain is a prevalent complaint that is difficult to control in these patients. Protocols vary, and wound care, hydration, and pain management are challenges. Different therapies, including agents such as silver sulfadiazine and essential fatty acids, show promising results. Surgical treatment aims to remove compromised tissues, contributing to effective healing. The study reinforces the importance of medical knowledge in the management of burns and its relevance to public health.As queimaduras são feridas traumáticas resultantes de agentes térmicos, químicos, elétricos ou radioativos que comprometem funções vitais tanto da pele, como dos demais órgãos internos. No Brasil, constituem uma das principais causas externas de morte, disputando com acidentes de transporte e homicídios. Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa, utilizando a base de dados Google Acadêmico com os seguintes descritores “Queimadura”, “Manejo da Dor”, “Indicação Terapêutica”. Nos quais foram selecionados 8 artigos entre 1.710, publicados em inglês e português de 2019 a 2024. O autor principal conduziu a análise, com discordâncias resolvidas entre os autores. Estimativas da OMS indicam 300 mil mortes anuais por queimaduras globalmente. No Brasil, um milhão de pessoas anualmente sofrem queimaduras, sendo adultos jovens mais vulneráveis, principalmente em ambientes domésticos ou laborais. A classificação das queimaduras, extensão da área afetada e o tratamento são fundamentais para o melhor manejo terapêutico, haja vista que a dor é uma queixa prevalente e de difícil controle nesses pacientes. Protocolos variam, e o cuidado da ferida, hidratação e manejo da dor são desafios. Diferentes terapias, incluindo agentes como sulfadiazina de prata e ácidos graxos essenciais, apresentam resultados promissores. O tratamento cirúrgico visa a remoção de tecidos comprometidos, contribuindo para a cicatrização eficaz. O estudo reforça a importância do conhecimento médico na abordagem de queimaduras e sua relevância para a saúde pública

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Global product, Brazilian engineering: integration of subsidiaries in global product development in the automotive industry.

Este trabalho pretende identificar as razões pelas quais as empresas de capital estrangeiro integram suas subsidiárias nas atividades de desenvolvimento de seus produtos globais (DPG). A análise foi realizada a partir de três estudos de caso em montadoras de veículos de passeio que possuem subsidiárias no Brasil; foram pesquisadas as unidades brasileiras e as matrizes dessas empresas. Os resultados apontam que a decisão sobre integrar ou não a engenharia brasileira nas atividades de DPG de uma transnacional relaciona-se à estratégia competitiva da corporação para os diferentes segmentos do mercado em que atua, aos atributos que as subsidiárias apresentam e que são considerados relevantes para a estratégia competitiva, ao relacionamento entre matriz e subsidiárias, que permite que tais atributos sejam reconhecidos e legitimados, e a ações de agentes externos à empresa que, se percebidas como contribuidoras para a estratégia competitiva, podem promover a descentralização das atividades de DPG ou, ao contrário, centralizá-las na matriz. O trabalho mostra também que a forma da divisão internacional do trabalho nas atividades de DPG está relacionada às fases do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos e à adoção de políticas de produto tais como o uso de plataformas e derivativos e o projeto modular.This thesis aims to identify the reasons why transnational companies integrate their subsidiaries in their global product development (GPD) activities, a \"global product\" being defined as \"a product that is developed once to be produced and commercialized in different countries simultaneously\". The analysis has been conducted based on three case studies in car assemblers that have facilities in Brazil: Fiat, Volkswagen and Renault; their Brazilian units have been examined as well as their European headquarters. Literature about the explanations on the adoption of a decentralized GPD process - that is, a process that involves not only the headquarters but also the subsidiaries - affirms that, in general, decentralization occurs aiming to achieve a greater proximity with local markets and/or to search for local technologies which are not present in the headquarters (or the development center). After demonstrating that these reasons, although important ones, are not enough to explain the Brazilian automotive industry\'s case, some other, complementary rationales are proposed to justify the phenomenon of GPD decentralization towards subsidiaries. As a result, we present an explanatory model that affirms that the decision about whether to integrate or not Brazilian engineering in the GPD activities follows a rationale related to the competitive strategy of the corporation to the different market segments in which it competes; in the segments where products demand much adaptation in order to fit local market\'s requirements, decentralizing product development may signify lower costs and development time. Integration also depends on the attributes presented by the subsidiaries, as long as these attributes are considered as relevant ones to the firm\'s competitive strategy: the subsidiary\'s engineering experience, the subsidiary\'s market sensitiveness, the importance of market and the subsidiary\'s volume of production are the main attributes observed in this research. The decentralisation of engineering activities also depends on the relationship between the headquarters and the subsidiaries - which allows the attributes to be recognized and legitimized - and on the actions of external agents (as host and home governments, trade unions, universities and research centers), that may promote decentralization of GPD activities if they are perceived as contributing to the firms\' competitive strategy. Finally, the way labor is internationally divided in the GPD activities is related to the phases of the product development process and to the adoption of some product policies such as the usage of platforms and derivatives and the modular design, this one with a weaker influence

Modular consortium and industrial condominium: an analysis of new productive configurations in the automobile industry.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar dos novos arranjos produtivos encontrados na indústria automobilística brasileira - o consórcio modular e o condomínio industrial. Essas novas configurações envolvem novas formas de relacionamento entre montadoras e fornecedores: no condomínio industrial, fornecedores de primeiro nível constroem instalações próximas às plantas da montadora, em alguns casos no mesmo terreno, de onde partem entregas de componentes ou subconjuntos em esquema just in time ou just in time seqüenciado. No consórcio modular, os fornecedores de primeiro nível e a montadora operam sob um mesmo edifício, e toda a montagem do veículo é realizada pelos fornecedores - ou \"parceiros\". A montadora não possui mão-de-obra direta e os investimentos são compartilhados. Discutimos, neste trabalho, os \"comos e porquês\" de tais arranjos: que lógicas levam ao surgimento dos consórcios e condomínios; que produtos e empresas fornecedoras são escolhidos como participantes; que vantagens e desvantagens podem ser obtidas para montadoras e fornecedores. Como pano de fundo, mostramos as políticas globais de escolha de fornecedores adotadas pelas montadoras nos anos 90 - o global e o follow sourcing. Como conclusão geral, temos que tais arranjos são frutos de uma lógica de redução de custos via melhoria da cadeia de suprimentos; que, em geral, como os condomínios e consórcios as montadoras podem obter muitas vantagens de curto prazo, enquanto as maiores vantagens para os fornecedores serão alcançadas em prazos mais longos; que a questão do poder das montadoras na cadeia produtiva é central, porque elas coordenam toda a formação dos arranjos, definindo quem e como participa; e que, devido às características intrínsecas a tais configurações, cada vez mais os fornecimentos diretos são restritos a empresas multinacionais, deslocando as empresas nacionais a posições mais afastadas do topo da cadeia produtiva.This study aims to analyse two new productive arrangements found in the Brazilian automobile industry - the \"modular consortium\" and the \"industrial condominium\". Those new configurations involve new relationship forms between assemblers and suppliers: in the industrial condominium, first tier suppliers build their facilities close to the assembler\'s plant, in some cases in the same land, from where they deliver components or subsets in a just-in-time or just-in-sequence basis. In the modular consortium, first tier suppliers and the assembler operate under the same building, and the whole vehicle assembly is accomplished by the suppliers - or \"partners\". The assembler does not possess direct labour and investments are shared. We discuss, in this study, the \"hows and whys\" of such arrangements: which is the logics that leads to consortia and condominiums; which products and companies are chosen as participants; which advantages and disadvantages can be obtained for assemblers and suppliers. As a background, we show the global politics of choice of suppliers adopted by the assemblers in the 1990s - global and follow sourcing. As general conclusions, we have the following: such arrangements result from a logic of cost decrease through improvements in the supply chain; in general, with the condominiums and consortia, assemblers may obtain many short term advantages, while the main advantages for suppliers will be reached in the long term; the issue of the power of assemblers in the productive chain is central, as they coordinate the whole settlement of such arrangements, defining who will participate and how; and, due to intrinsic characteristics of such configurations, direct delivers are more and more restricted to multinational companies, moving Brazilian companies to more distant positions in the supply chain

Global product, Brazilian engineering: integration of subsidiaries in global product development in the automotive industry.

Este trabalho pretende identificar as razões pelas quais as empresas de capital estrangeiro integram suas subsidiárias nas atividades de desenvolvimento de seus produtos globais (DPG). A análise foi realizada a partir de três estudos de caso em montadoras de veículos de passeio que possuem subsidiárias no Brasil; foram pesquisadas as unidades brasileiras e as matrizes dessas empresas. Os resultados apontam que a decisão sobre integrar ou não a engenharia brasileira nas atividades de DPG de uma transnacional relaciona-se à estratégia competitiva da corporação para os diferentes segmentos do mercado em que atua, aos atributos que as subsidiárias apresentam e que são considerados relevantes para a estratégia competitiva, ao relacionamento entre matriz e subsidiárias, que permite que tais atributos sejam reconhecidos e legitimados, e a ações de agentes externos à empresa que, se percebidas como contribuidoras para a estratégia competitiva, podem promover a descentralização das atividades de DPG ou, ao contrário, centralizá-las na matriz. O trabalho mostra também que a forma da divisão internacional do trabalho nas atividades de DPG está relacionada às fases do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos e à adoção de políticas de produto tais como o uso de plataformas e derivativos e o projeto modular.This thesis aims to identify the reasons why transnational companies integrate their subsidiaries in their global product development (GPD) activities, a \"global product\" being defined as \"a product that is developed once to be produced and commercialized in different countries simultaneously\". The analysis has been conducted based on three case studies in car assemblers that have facilities in Brazil: Fiat, Volkswagen and Renault; their Brazilian units have been examined as well as their European headquarters. Literature about the explanations on the adoption of a decentralized GPD process - that is, a process that involves not only the headquarters but also the subsidiaries - affirms that, in general, decentralization occurs aiming to achieve a greater proximity with local markets and/or to search for local technologies which are not present in the headquarters (or the development center). After demonstrating that these reasons, although important ones, are not enough to explain the Brazilian automotive industry\'s case, some other, complementary rationales are proposed to justify the phenomenon of GPD decentralization towards subsidiaries. As a result, we present an explanatory model that affirms that the decision about whether to integrate or not Brazilian engineering in the GPD activities follows a rationale related to the competitive strategy of the corporation to the different market segments in which it competes; in the segments where products demand much adaptation in order to fit local market\'s requirements, decentralizing product development may signify lower costs and development time. Integration also depends on the attributes presented by the subsidiaries, as long as these attributes are considered as relevant ones to the firm\'s competitive strategy: the subsidiary\'s engineering experience, the subsidiary\'s market sensitiveness, the importance of market and the subsidiary\'s volume of production are the main attributes observed in this research. The decentralisation of engineering activities also depends on the relationship between the headquarters and the subsidiaries - which allows the attributes to be recognized and legitimized - and on the actions of external agents (as host and home governments, trade unions, universities and research centers), that may promote decentralization of GPD activities if they are perceived as contributing to the firms\' competitive strategy. Finally, the way labor is internationally divided in the GPD activities is related to the phases of the product development process and to the adoption of some product policies such as the usage of platforms and derivatives and the modular design, this one with a weaker influence

Decentralization of research, development and engineering activities in transnational corporations: contributions to theory from a subsidiary perspective

A descentralização de atividades de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Engenharia - P, D & E de empresas transnacionais tem sido explicada a partir de condições de mercado e de acesso a recursos escassos. Tais análises são baseadas em países centrais - ou seja, empresa transnacional originária de um país central estabelecendo centro de P, D & E em outro país central -, e não explicam adequadamente a locação desses centros em países emergentes como o Brasil. A partir de estudo em profundidade na indústria automobilística brasileira, com pesquisa em subsidiárias aqui localizadas e nas suas matrizes no exterior, propomos uma adequação na teoria explicativa para tal descentralização. Ao lado das explicações tradicionais - necessidade de proximidade do mercado e busca por tecnologias não existentes nos centros de inovação - propomos que a descentralização das atividades de P, D & E em direção a subsidiárias é influenciada pela necessidade de agilizar o desenvolvimento de produtos e pela qualidade das relações entre matriz e subsidiária.The decentralization of Research, Development, and Engineering - R, D & E activities towards subsidiaries in transnational companies have been justified due to market conditions and access to scarce resources such as technology. Such analysis has been made on the basis of research performed in central countries - that is, a transnational central country-based company which is setting up a R, D & E center in another central country. The analysis does not explain adequately cases of R, D & E location in emergent countries, as it is the case of Brazil. This paper proposes a theoretical models improvement in order to explain the decentralization of R, D & E towards subsidiaries based on an in-depth research conducted in the Brazilian automotive industry. Besides traditional explanation, market proximity, and technology sourcing, it can be said that the decentralization of R, D & E activities towards subsidiaries is influenced by the need of achieving agility in the product development process and by the quality of the relationship between the headquarters and subsidiary

Da arte de dizer não: o papel dos atendentes na construção da "relação de serviço" em uma operadora de serviços de saúde The art of saying "no": the role of front office attendants in building a service relationship in a healthcare assistance private service

Este artigo discute o papel dos trabalhadores de linha de frente na construção da relação de serviço em uma empresa operadora de serviços de saúde. Fundamentada em um estudo de caso, no qual se aplicou a metodologia de Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho em observações da atividade de quatro atendentes, a pesquisa verificou a importância da atividade do atendente na construção da qualidade do serviço, ainda que a principal tarefa do atendente no caso analisado seja negar uma solicitação do cliente. Foi observado que os atendentes operam como um "filtro protetor" da retaguarda em relação à variação de demanda dos clientes e que os atendentes criam uma categorização própria das demandas apresentadas, categorização essa que acaba por direcionar o processo de atendimento. Como conclusão, propõe-se que a organização deve aproveitar a competência demonstrada pelos atendentes na criação da categorização e estruturar-se de maneira a estimular a integração entre atendimento e retaguarda, reduzindo o caráter de "filtro" da linha de frente, de modo a obter incrementos na qualidade do serviço prestado e na valorização do serviço por parte do cliente.<br>The aim of this paper is to discuss on the role of front office attendants in building a service relationship in a health care service operator. Based on a case study, in which Ergonomic Analysis of Work has been applied in observations of four attendants during worktime, the research verified the importance of the workers' activities to quality of service operations, even if their main activity is to deny a customer's demand. It was observed that attendants work as a "filter" which protects back office from the variability brought by the diverse customers' requests; and that front office workers classify these diverse customers' claims based on categories create by themselves - and this labeling drives the whole service delivery process. It is concluded that the organization should profit from the attendants' competencies, demonstrated in the process of labeling the diverse demands, and that it should structure itself in order to stimulate transversal process though front and back office, thus reducing the attendants' role of "protecting back office", so as to increase service delivery quality and service value