Effect of Photoperiodicity on Co2 Fixation by Chlorella Vulgaris Buitenzorg in Bubble Column Photobioreactor for Food Supplement Production

To reduce the level of CO2 content in air, effort on converting CO2 to useful products is required. One of thealternatives includes CO2 fixation to produce biomass using Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg. Chlorella vulgarisBuitenzorg is applied for production of food supplement. Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg is also easy to handle due to itssuperior adaptation. Currently, Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg has been analyzed by some experts for its cellularcomposition, its ability to produce high quality biomass and the content of essential nutrition. A series of experimentswas conducted by culturing Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg using Beneck medium in bubbling column photobioreactor.The main variation in this experiment was photoperiodicity, where growth of Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg wasexamined during photoperiodicity condition. The difference between CO2 gas concentration of inlet and outlet of thereactor during operational period, was compared to the same experiment under continuous illumination. Underphotoperiodicity of 8 and 9 h/d, the culture cell densities (N) were approximately 40 % higher than under continuousillumination. Final biomass density of Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg at 9 h/d illumination was 1.43 g/dm3, around 46%higher than under continuous illumination. Specific carbon dioxide transfer rate (qCO2) in photoperiodicity was 50-80%higher than under continuous illumination. These experiments showed that photoperiodicity affects the growth ofChlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg The specific growth rate (μ) by photoperiodicity was higher than that by continuousilumination while the growth period was two times longer. Based on the experiments, it can be concluded thatphotoperiodicity might save light energy consumption. The prediction of kinetic model under continuous illuminationas well as under photoperiodicity illumination showed that Haldane model became the fitted kinetic model

Optimasi Penggunaan Koagulan pada Pengolahan Air Limbah Batubara

Coagulation Test for coal wastewater was conducted with jar test methode. This research was performed by comparing coagulant activity with pH and dosage variation. Coagulant used in this research were FeCl3, Al2(SO4)3, PAC, dan Nalco 8100. Optimum condition was identified by varying acidity on pH of 5, 6, 7, and 8 with dosage variation on each pH. Optimum dosage range for each coagulant was defined from pre eliminary test. The parameter tested are turbidity, pH, TSS, and disolved Fe, Mn, and Al. Laboratory test result showed that the most effective coagulant to reduce contaminant substances is Nalco 8100. Optimum condition was reached at pH of 8 and 1 ppm. Keyword: Coagulant, Jar test, Coal, Wast

Biomass Production Chlorella Vulgaris Buitenzorg Using Series of Bubble Column Photo Bioreactor with a Periodic Illumination

Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg cultivation using three bubble column photo bioreactors arranged in series with a volume of 200 mL for 130 hours shows an increase of biomass production of Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg up to 1.20 times and a decrease of the ability of CO2 fixation compared to single reactor at a periodic sun illumination cycle. The operation conditions on cultivation are as following: T, 29.0oC; P,1 atm.; UG, 2.40 m/h; CO2, 10%; Benneck medium; and illumination source by Phillip Halogen Lamp 20W /12V/ 50Hz. Other research parameters such as microbial carbon dioxide transferred rate (qco2), CO2 transferred rate (CTR), energy consumption for cellular formation (Ex), and cultural bicarbonate species concentration [HCO3] also give better results on series of reactor

Utilization of Chlorella vulgaris to Fixate a High Concentration of Carbon Dioxide in a Compost-based Medium

Massive use of fuels by industry increase carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions significantly. Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) is well known for its ability to fixate CO2 and synthesize it to a lipid. As industry usually emits high concentrations of CO2, it is necessary to investigate the behavior of microalgae in regard to CO2 inflow. We studied cultivation of C. vulgaris in a photobioreactor (volume 18L) in a compost-basedmedium under illumination at 3000 lux for 90 hours. We show that initial cell density 0.137 g·dm-3 is able to fixate CO2 up to 30.31 g·dm-3· day-1 (93.56%) under a CO2 inflow of 23.80 g·hour-1 with biomass productivity 0.44 g·dm-3· day-1 and lipid yield 0.0795 glipid·gcell-1, and it also shows the potential to fixate carbon dioxide 28.43 g·dm-3·day-1 (31.51%) and produce high lipid amounts (0.0739 g·g-1) under a carbon dioxide inflow 48.17 g·hour-1. Cultivation with a higher initial cell density (0.325 g · dm-3) shows better resistance under carbon dioxide inflow 48.17 g·hour-1 with carbon fixation 37.95 g·dm-3·day-1(58%), biomass production 0.82 g·dm-3·day-1, lipid yield 0.0834 g·g-1, and good potential under carbon dioxide inflow 65.96 g·hour-1. This research shows the potential of C. vulgaris in reducing high concentrations of CO2, which is beneficial for biomass and/or lipid production. These are in turn useful for biodiesel and food supplements. Further study is necessary for adapting this potential on a commercial scale

Selective Polarity-guided Extraction and Purification of Acetogenins in Annona muricata L. Leaves

Herein is described the selective polar-guided extraction and column chromatography separation of annonaceous acetogenins from the leaves of Annona muricata L., commonly known as soursop. The objective of this study is to obtain an acetogenin-rich fraction, containing mainly annonacin, known to be present in the highest amount in soursop leaves. Solvents with various polarities (ethyl acetate, hexane, chloroform, ethanol, water) and their mixtures were used in the extraction, fractionation, and isolation steps. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the isolate sample showed that annonacin, having a molecular mass of 597.23, is the dominant acetogenin present. The amount of acetogenin isolated from the soursop leaf samples was 242 mg/g, based on the total lactone determination using the Kedde reagent. The cytotoxicity activity of the isolate sample was determined using the brine shrimp test. This study shows that there is a positive correlation between lactone content due to acetogenins and the level of cytotoxicity in the fractions obtained. The low LC50 value of 1 ppm showed a significant cytotoxicity of the ethyl acetate fraction obtained, higher than cytotoxicity of cancer drug cyclophosphamide. High lactone content and a high cytotoxicity of the ethyl acetate fraction indicate the potential of A. muricata leaves as the source of bioactive compounds for anti-cancer treatment

Kinetic Model for Triglyceride Hydrolysis Using Lipase: Review

Triglyceride hydrolysis using lipase has been proposed as a novel method to produce raw materials in food andcosmetic industries such as diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, glycerol and fatty acid. In order to design a reactor forutilizing this reaction on industrial scale, constructing a kinetic model is important. Since the substrates are oil andwater, the hydrolysis takes place at oil-water interface. Furthermore, the triglyceride has three ester bonds, so that thehydrolysis stepwise proceeds. Thus, the reaction mechanism is very complicated. The difference between theinterfacial and bulk concentrations of the enzyme, substrates and products, and the interfacial enzymatic reactionmechanism should be considered in the model

EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIODICITY ON CO2 FIXATION BY Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg IN BUBBLE COLUMN PHOTOBIOREACTOR FOR FOOD SUPPLEMENT PRODUCTION

To reduce the level of CO2 content in air, effort on converting CO2 to useful products is required. One of thealternatives includes CO2 fixation to produce biomass using Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg. Chlorella vulgarisBuitenzorg is applied for production of food supplement. Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg is also easy to handle due to itssuperior adaptation. Currently, Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg has been analyzed by some experts for its cellularcomposition, its ability to produce high quality biomass and the content of essential nutrition. A series of experimentswas conducted by culturing Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg using Beneck medium in bubbling column photobioreactor.The main variation in this experiment was photoperiodicity, where growth of Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg wasexamined during photoperiodicity condition. The difference between CO2 gas concentration of inlet and outlet of thereactor during operational period, was compared to the same experiment under continuous illumination. Underphotoperiodicity of 8 and 9 h/d, the culture cell densities (N) were approximately 40 % higher than under continuousillumination. Final biomass density of Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg at 9 h/d illumination was 1.43 g/dm3, around 46%higher than under continuous illumination. Specific carbon dioxide transfer rate (qCO2) in photoperiodicity was 50-80%higher than under continuous illumination. These experiments showed that photoperiodicity affects the growth ofChlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg The specific growth rate (μ) by photoperiodicity was higher than that by continuousilumination while the growth period was two times longer. Based on the experiments, it can be concluded thatphotoperiodicity might save light energy consumption. The prediction of kinetic model under continuous illuminationas well as under photoperiodicity illumination showed that Haldane model became the fitted kinetic model.Keywords: photoperiodicity, Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg, food supplement, CO2 fixation, Haldane model

Effects of Monocarboxylic Acids and Potassium Persulfate on Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticles

In this research, we studied the preparation of nanochitosan from the addition of potassium persulfate as an initiator for monomer polymerization and monocarboxylic acid—namely acetic acid, lactic acid, and formic acid—to a chitosan solution. To obtain the dried form of chitosan nanoparticles, we investigated the effects of oven and spray drying systems toward the physicochemical properties and morphology of chitosan nanoparticles. Successfully prepared chitosan nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (FESEM-EDX), and a particle size analyzer (PSA). The structures of nanochitosan prepared in different acids were quite similar based on the FTIR spectra. By increasing the concentrations of potassium persulfate, the yields of chitosan nanoparticles also increased. The concentration of potassium persulfate had a significant influence on the production of chitosan nanoparticles. The lowest concentration of potassium persulfate (0.6 mmol) did not produce an observable formation of chitosan nanoparticles. By using formic acid and potassium persulfate in various concentrations from 1.2–3.0 mmol, chitosan nanoparticles were obtained. A particle size distribution of chitosan nanoparticles was produced from a formic acid solution having a smaller size compared to others. The acidity effect of monocarboxylic acids in the formation of chitosan nanoparticles was better compared to the addition of other acids. Furthermore, synthesized chitosan nanoparticles (50–110 nm) produced from formic acid solutions have potential applications for drug carrier purposes

BIOMASS PRODUCTION Chlorella vulgaris BUITENZORG USING SERIES OF BUBBLE COLUMN PHOTO BIOREACTOR WITH A PERIODIC ILLUMINATION

Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg cultivation using three bubble column photo bioreactors arranged in series with a volume of 200 mL for 130 hours shows an increase of biomass production of Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg up to 1.20 times and a decrease of the ability of CO2 fixation compared to single reactor at a periodic sun illumination cycle. The operation conditions on cultivation are as following: T, 29.0oC; P,1 atm.; UG, 2.40 m/h; CO2, 10%; Benneck medium; and illumination source by Phillip Halogen Lamp 20W /12V/ 50Hz. Other research parameters such as microbial carbon dioxide transferred rate (qco2), CO2 transferred rate (CTR), energy consumption for cellular formation (Ex), and cultural bicarbonate species concentration [HCO3] also give better results on series of reactor.Keywords: Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg, sunlight, periodic illumination, photo bioreactor, series configuratio

KINETIC MODEL FOR TRIGLYCERIDE HYDROLYSIS USING LIPASE: REVIEW

Triglyceride hydrolysis using lipase has been proposed as a novel method to produce raw materials in food andcosmetic industries such as diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, glycerol and fatty acid. In order to design a reactor forutilizing this reaction on industrial scale, constructing a kinetic model is important. Since the substrates are oil andwater, the hydrolysis takes place at oil-water interface. Furthermore, the triglyceride has three ester bonds, so that thehydrolysis stepwise proceeds. Thus, the reaction mechanism is very complicated. The difference between theinterfacial and bulk concentrations of the enzyme, substrates and products, and the interfacial enzymatic reactionmechanism should be considered in the model.Keywords: Lipase, kinetic model, enzymatic reaction mechanism, hydrolysis, triglycerid