The influence of transdermally administered fentanyl on isoflurane requirements in normothermic and hypothermic dogs

Intraoperative reductions in serum fentanyl levels in dogs with induced moderate hypothermia and transdermal fentanyl patches (TDF) in place has been documented. The impact of such reductions has not been evaluated nor has the anesthetic sparing effect of the TDF. Reductions in serum levels may be the result of either a decreased uptake of fentanyl from the dermal depot, or a biophase shift. The objective of this investigation was to determine whether the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane was altered in the presence of TDF in normothermic and hypothermic dogs. Six mature, healthy, mixed breed dogs were anesthetized on four separate occasions, and received each of the 4 following treatments in random order: 1. Sham patch-normothermia (C-NORM), 2. Sham patch-hypothermia (C-HYPO), 3. Fentanyl patch-normothermia (F-NORM), 4. Fentanyl hypothermia (F-HYPO). The appropriate patch was applied twenty four hours prior to induction of anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced with isoflurane in oxygen; the dogs were intubated and mechanical ventilation was initiated. Target temperatures (34.5ºC- HYPO, or within 1ºC of baseline- NORM) were held constant for one hour prior to beginning the MAC determinations. Supramaximal stimulation was produced by an electrical stimulator which delivered a current to needle electrodes in the buccal mucosa of the lower jaw of the dog. The MAC (± SD) for C-NORM, C-HYPO, F-NORM and F-HYPO was 1.2 ± 0.17, 0.855 ± 0.183, 0.763 ± 0.097, and 0.830 ± 0.172 respectively. MAC for C-NORM was significantly higher than the other groups. There was no significant difference between C-HYPO, F-NORM, and F-HYPO. Transdermal fentanyl reduces the isoflurane requirement in normothermic dogs. The presence of hypothermia appears to negate the effects of TDF

Stable Isotope Analysis from a Burial at the Pipe Site (41AN67) in Anderson County, Texas

In this article, we present the findings of stable isotope analysis (carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) from an analysis of human remains from a burial at the Pipe site (41AN67). The Pipe site is a late 15th-mid-16th century Caddo settlement and cemetery in the Lake Palestine area in the upper Neches River basin in East Texas that was investigated by Buddy Calvin Jones in 1968 and Southern Methodlst University in 1969

An Early Caddoan Period Cremation from the Boxed Springs Mound Site (41UR30) in Upshur County, Texas, and a Report on Previous Archaeological Investigations

The Boxed Springs Mound site (41UR30) is one of three major Early Caddoan (ca. A.D. 900- t 200) multiple mound centers in the Sabine River basin of northeastern Texas, the others including the Jamestown (41SM54) and Hudnall-Pirtle (41RK4) sites upstream and downstream, respectively, from Boxed Springs. It is situated on a large and prominent upland ridge projection that extends from a bluff on the Sabine River about 500 m north to where the landform merges with a broader stretch of uplands and Bienville alluvium. Sediments on the site are Trep loamy fine sand, a relatively fertile soil. The site is approximately 1.6 km west of the confluence of Big Sandy Creek and the Sabine River, but the old channels, sloughs, and oxbow lakes on both sides of the upland ridge and alluvial terrace suggest that previous channels of the Sabine River as well as Big Sandy Creek ran from north to south immediately adjacent to the site. When the Boxed Springs site was originally recorded by Sam Whiteside, an avocational archeologist from Tyler (see Walters and Haskins, this volume) in the early 1960s, it had four earthen mounds arranged around an open area or central plaza. The four mounds apparently included two low structural or house mounds with clay floors at the southeastern and southwestern ends of the plaza (Mounds #2 and #7 on a ca. 1962 sketch by Whiteside), one burial mound about 12 x 8 m in size and 1 m in height at the northwestern plaza edge (Mound #3), and a flat-topped mound of unknown function at the northeastern end of the plaza (Mound #6). There were borrow pits apparently visible to the east of Mound #3 and south of Mound #6, and occupation areas/midden deposits along the uplands at the southern edge of the site as well as north and northwest of Mound #3. Some years ago, while Dr. James E. Bruseth and Dr. Timothy K. Perttula were documenting a large collection of vessels and stone tools from the Boxed Springs site, they became aware of the fact that a cremation burial with associated vessels had been dug at the site. A few years later, the cremated remains from that burial were turned over to Dr. Perttula for study. In this paper, Diane E. Wilson summarizes for the first time the results of her bioarchaeological analyses of the cremated burial. With this information now available, it seemed appropriate to provide an archaeological context--as it was known--on the cremated burial, and also summarize in one place the available information on the archaeological record from the Boxed Springs site. Key to this effort was the fact that Mark Walters provided unpublished information and notes from the 1960s archaeological investigations by Sam Whiteside at the Boxed Springs site. Although it is a major Early Caddoan mound center, the archaeology of the Boxed Springs site is very poorly known. We hope that this paper on a cremated burial from the site, as well as a discussion of previous archaeological investigations at Boxed Springs, will rectify this situation to a certain extent, and also spur renewed professional archaeological interest in this very significant prehistoric Caddoan mound center

Special effects and digital photography

ThesisIf it walks like a duck, Swims like a duck, And quacks like a duck, It may well be a chicken, .. (Paul Fuqua) The human eye can be described as a camera that takes about ten pictures every second. It telegraphs to the brain the information that each picture contains. It cannot work faster for the retina needs appreciable time to receive and transmit each impression as well as get ready for the next one. Since the invention of photography man have been using it as a tool, to make it do what the human eye cannot, such as: speeding up time or slowing it down; to learn how things actually behave; of making things that are too distant, too small or too faint visible to the human eye. As photography developed it became invaluable to science and technology. The camera brings into being the most striking and useful views of the world even when it deliberately lies. It can alter what the eye would normally see into what the eye would like to see. It can make subtle shifts of perspective and radical distortions ofform. In the early history of photography photograph's was only taken of familiar objects; things that the human eyes can see. Faces, landscapes and buildings were the most familiar images. Photographers started experimenting and playing around and with the development of better equipment (such as faster emulsions, bigger lenses and flash equipment) photographers soon realised that they possessed a powerful instrument that could perceive and record things that the eye cannot see. For as long as people have contemplated the world, they have been fascinated by the seemingly impossible and, thereby, unexplainable ... (Sage 1996: 4

Dental Paleopathologies in the Sanders Site (41LR2) Population from Lamar County, Texas

Dental health, like skeletal health, reflects the natural and social environment, as well as genetics. This paper focuses on the results of stress on the teeth once they have erupted; stresses include chemical, mechanical, and pathogenic forces. These forces are primarily the result of dietary factors. The specific aspects of dental health examined in this paper are cariogenesis, dental attrition, antemortem tooth loss, and abscessing. These dental paleopathologies primarily reflect diet and food processing strategies. Throughout the Americas, dental disorders have increased with the adoption of maize agriculture. Reliance on maize provides a sticky, carbohydraterich dietary staple that is favorable to microbial attack. Maize cultivation has been ... correlated with an increase in caries and abscess frequency. Poor dental health also may directly impact general physical health. Periodontal disease often results in gingival inflammation, abscessing, and tooth loss. Lesions in the mouth can be the port of entry for pathogens, such as staphylococci and streptococci, that may then travel to other parts of the body. Dental attrition is not considered a disorder in this paper, but the natural result of a diet high in unprocessed vegetal materials and grit. Grit is introduced into the diet from a variety of means, but I will focus on the introduction of grit through stone grinding implements. Sand particles can also result in a considerable amount of attrition. Dental attrition can, however, lead to pathologies if the pulp cavity is exposed. In this case, the pulp cavity may serve as the focus of infection, resulting in abscessing and eventual tooth loss. Dental health is thus largely dependent on dietary factors. The examination of dental health is useful in reconstructing nutritional behaviors. It will be seen in this examination of the teeth that the maize agriculturalists at the Sanders site were primarily affected by a high frequency of caries. Other factors examined (moderate dental enamel attrition, slight antemortem tooth loss, and slight abscessing) suggest that dietary behaviors were not as detrimental to the Sanders population as has been noted for other maize-dependent agricultural groups. If nutrition was related to status among Caddoan groups, this may be the result of the assumed high status of the individuals interred at the Sanders site, since all the individuals were interred in a mound context

Human Remains from 41BW5, the Roseborough Lake Site

The analysis of human remains from the Roseborough Lake site (41BW5) provided in this article is a description of skeletal material collected or salvaged from this disturbed archaeological site in Bowie County, Texas. The material is presented here as an aid to future investigations and is compared with previously studied human remains from the region. Data was collected following standard techniques outlined in the Texas A&M University, Physical Anthropology Laboratory Data Form and those presented in Buikstra and Ubelaker (1994). The poor state of preservation and fragmentary nature of the remains limited the amount of information that could be recovered

The Sexual Division of Labor at the Sanders Site (41LR2), Lamar County, Texas

This study examined evidence of stress on human bone in order to reconstruct the sexual division of labor for the prehistoric Caddoan culture represented at the Sanders site (41LR2). Specifically, the repeated action stress seen in degenerative joint disease was quantified in order to infer culturally prescribed and habitual actions. Overall, the division of labor at the Sanders site was somewhat unusual among agricultural societies. Males from the Sanders site had evidence of greater stress loads. In particular, agricultural activities appear to have regardless of sex. Although the Sanders site burial population was believed to be of high social status based on burial location within the mound and grave goods, degenerative joint disease was high and activities evident from patterns of stress could not be associated with a life of leisure

Diane Wilson interview for a Wright State University History Course

On February 24, 2011 Cassie Higgins interview Diane Wilson, President of the American Tissue Association, for a class project dealing with oral histories and capturing the history of the Miami Valley. In the interview Diane talked about growing up in Everit[sic] Washington, moving to Dayton with her husband, and working at Community Tissue Services

An evaluation of a group of exercises in reading prepared for slow learning children in the primary grades

Thesis (M.Ed.)--Boston Universit