Learning Center Pedagogy and UDL: An Environment of Change

In the United States, tutoring in higher education can trace its roots back as far as 1636 when Harvard, America’s first college, initially began educating the nation’s wealthy and elite students (Maxwell, 1997; Sheets 2011). These early forms of tutorials were based in remedial education; the goal was to bridge the gap between the level of education students brought to the institution and the level of education expected by that institution. Arendale (2010) provides a comprehensive review of the history of learning assistance in Access at the Crossroads: Learning Assistance in Higher Education. He provides a thorough and valuable six phase historical timeline, starting in the 1600’s through current forms of learning assistance programming (24). Early methods of learning assistance were created to enhance individual student performances in particular courses with which students struggled to succeed. This tutoring model persisted over time, becoming the archetypal form of learning assistance to improve student learning. However, Arendale’s research clearly shows that learning assistance has progressed by developing, expanding and increasing in both scope and complexity based on solid theory, research, and best practices

''Studies on the malpighian tubules of Locusta migratoria miqratorioides (R + F), with particular reference to the role of Na(^+)-K(^+) activated ATPase in fluid secretion

The presence of a Na(^+)-K(^+) activated, Mg(^2+) dependent ATPase (E.C. 3.6.1.3.) has been demonstrated in microsomal preparations from Malpighian tubules and hindgutof Locusta miqratoria miqratorioides (R+F) and the conditions for optimal activity determined. The pH optimum was 7.5 and the temperature optima 45ºC for Na(^+)- K(^+)ATPase whilst Mg(^2+)ATPase activity was still rising at 50ºC. Activation energies for the Na(^+)- K(^+) ATPase were 121.6 - (^+) 4.5 and 59.8 (^+)-2.7 Kjoules Mole(^-1) between 6.3-21ºC and 21-42ºC respectively. The Mg(^2+) ATPase had activation energies of 95.8 (^+)- 1.9 and 51.7 - 3.9 Kjoules Mole (-1) over the same ranges. Maximal activation of the Nat(^+)- K(^+)ATPase occured at an ATP : Mg(^2+) ratio of 1:1.3, and at l00mM Na(^+): 20mM K(^+). The Na(^+)- K(^+) ATPase was inhibited by ouabain with a pI(_50) value of 6.1. The Km of Na(^+)-ATPase was 0.15 (^+)- 0.01 mMole 1(^-1) with no significant difference between values obtained at 20ºC, 30ºC and 40ºC. The values for Vmax were 113.6(^+)-42, 213 (^+)- 53 and 373 (^+)- 109 for these temperatures respectively. Physiological studies on fluid secretion by Malpighian tubules in vitro have shown secretion was inhibited by ouabain at concentrations greater than 10(^-6)M, and also in the absence of Na(^+) or K(^+) ions. This strongly suggested the .involvement of Na- K ATPase in secretion which was further implicated by polarographic studies showing a corresponding 35% reduction in oxygen uptake in the presence of ouabain, or absence of K(^+). Similarly the trans-wall potential has been shown to fall in these circumstances. The optimum temperature for secretion was 40ºC, the process having an activation energy of 58.307 Kjoules Mole(^-1) between 5-40ºC. Rate of secretion was inversely proportional to osmotic concentration, and the urine was hyperosmotic to the bathing medium by 22.9 + 2.6m. Osmoles. Fluid secretion was stimulated by cyclic AMP (3 x 10(^-4)M), but 5HT had no effect. Potassium has been shown to be concentrated in the urine, but as electrophysiological studies revealed that the trans- wall potential did not correspond with the values for K(^+) predicted by NERNST, the K(^+) movement must have resulted from active transport. Ultrastructural studies using both scanning and transmission electron microscopy in normal and ouabain Ringer solutions revealed that ouabain had no effect on structure. The results were discussed in terms of the relationship between cell structure, fluid secretion and Na(^+)-K(^+)ATPase activity

Entamoeba gingivalis in Acute Osteomyelitis of the Mandible

An 86-year-old woman presented with osteonecrosis of the mandible following bisphosphonate therapy for multiple myeloma, and underwent surgical debridement and multiple dental extractions. Histopathologic examination of the necrotic bone fragments revealed acute osteomyelitis with mixed flora and organisms morphologically consistent with Entamoeba gingivalis. In addition to oral scrapings and sputum, E. gingivalis has been identified in specimens obtained from the uterus, cervix, neck lymph nodes, and lung. It is rarely found in lesions of the head and neck. We present an unusual case of E. gingivalis in acute osteomyelitis of the mandible, following bisphosphonate therapy for multiple myeloma. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of E. gingivalis in association with osteomyelitis

Eyelid Carcinoma in Patients with Systemic Lymphoma

Purpose: To describe a series of patients with Non-Hodgkin′s lymphoma (NHL) and concomitant eyelid carcinoma. Methods: In this non-comparative interventional case series, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 5 patients with NHL who developed eyelid carcinoma. Results: The patients included one female and four male subjects. Systemic lymphoma had been diagnosed 1 to 72 months prior to development of the eyelid carcinoma. The lesions were basal cell carcinoma in three, and squamous cell carcinoma in two cases. The lymphoma was advanced (stage III or IV) in all patients. Four patients underwent surgical excision of the carcinoma and one patient was awaiting surgical treatment after completing systemic chemotherapy. Three subjects had high-grade carcinomas. Two patients had perineural invasion; one received adjuvant radiotherapy postoperatively but the other did not due to receiving systemic chemotherapy for recurrent NHL. Conclusions: Systemic lymphoma may be associated with aggressive eyelid carcinomas. Perineural invasion is frequently encountered in this situation and should be treated with adjuvant radiation therapy to decrease the likelihood of local recurrence

Sustained heavy drinking over 25 years is associated with increased N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptides in early old age: Population-based cohort study.

UNLABELLED: Heavy alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of heart failure. We sought to investigate whether levels of NT-proBNP differ by alcohol consumption profiles, both current drinking as well as cumulative exposure to drinking over several decades in a general population sample. METHODS: Data on 2054 participants (49% male) were taken from the UK Medical Research Council National Survey for Health and Development, a longitudinal cohort study based on a nationally representative sample of births in 1946. Categories of long-term alcohol consumption were created based on consumption over 25 years of observations and compared with levels of NT-proBNP measured at mean age 63. RESULTS: We found that those who drank heavily (both currently and long-term) had higher levels of NT-proBNP than moderate drinkers, after adjusting for major confounders (age, sex, socio-economic position and smoking). As NT-proBNP has attracted attention as a biomarker for heart failure, this suggests a critical pathway through which heavy drinking may increase risk of this cardiovascular disease. When we looked at heavy drinkers who varied their intake over the decades, it was only the recently heavy group that had higher levels of NT-proBNP. Further work is needed to demonstrate whether effects are reversible upon cessation of heavy drinking, but this finding highlights the need to have repeated data to unpack dynamics over time. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest heavy drinkers could be screened for NT-proBNP levels in order to identify those at high risk earlier in the clinical stages of heart failure and targeted for risk reduction strategies