Les représentations médiatiques du sport

Présentation des contributions du dossier 'Le sport médiatisé, du voir au savoir'

Grand Challenge for Ion Channels: an Underexploited Resource for Therapeutics

In the last decade, only a few new ion channel drugs have reached the market according to the Food and Drug Administration. These include nateglinide, a non-sulfonylurea blocker of KATP channel used in type II diabetes; ziconotide, a N-type calcium channel blocker against severe chronic pain; pregabalin, a calcium channel a2δ subunit ligand indicated for neuropathic pain; ranolazine, a blocker of late sodium current for chronic angina pectoris; and lubiprostone, a ClC-2 chloride channel activator for chronic idiopathic constipation. In the meantime, the sodium channel blocker mexiletine, indicated as a class II

Noam Chomsky, Deux heures de lucidité. Entretiens avec Denis Robert et Wéronika Zarachowicz

Professeur au MIT (Massachusets Institute of Technology), Noam Chomsky mène depuis de longues années un combat solitaire. Le ton polémique qu’il affiche en fait une figure singulière, généralement présentée comme étant celle d’un leader d’opinion et d’un intellectuel dissident soucieux de convaincre de sa propre vision rationnelle du monde. Il entretient à cet égard une certaine amertume vis-à-vis de l’intelligentsia européenne qu’il juge conservatrice et « un peu en retard » (p. 107). Ainsi ..

Philippe Gaboriau, Les spectacles sportifs. Grandeurs et décadences

L’ouvrage de Philippe Gaboriau, sociologue au CNRS, est significatif d’une époque qui s’empare du phénomène sportif comme objet de réflexion. En effet, une littérature grise et savante s’applique, depuis quelques années, à trouver une légitimité au sport, objet plutôt délaissé par les universitaires, quand bien même des auteurs incontestables travaillent-ils sur la question. En 1985, Georges Vigarello écrivait que, dès la fin du XVIe siècle, la violence frontale disparaissait pour privilégier..

Marc Augé, Fictions fin de siècle suivi de Que se passe-t-il ? 31 février, 31 mars, 30 avril 2000

Il semble que Marc Augé n’apprécie guère Dysneyland, les Center Parcs, les nouveaux aéroports et les complexes cinématographiques. Ces non-lieux organisés pour permettre l’oubli et perdre son identité à travers les représentations saturées qu’ils génèrent (affiches, objets de consommation immédiate, merchandizing). Ces non-lieux sans histoire qui affectent simultanément « nos représentations de l’espace, notre rapport avec la réalité et notre relation aux autres » (p. 161). Sa préférence va n..

Jacques Demorgon, Les sportifs dans le devenir des sociétés. Médiations et média

Connu pour des travaux menés dans le champ de l’interculturalité, Jacques Demorgon s’intéresse, ici, à l’évolution d’une relation triangulaire entre le sport, la société et la culture. L’ouvrage désigne trois périodes, qu’il nomme : le Grec, le Britannique et l’Occidental ; et considère « l’histoire longue » (p. 11) segmentée en quatre grands secteurs : le religieux, la politique, l’économique et l’informationnel. L’objectif de cette étude est donc d’observer les relations profondes entre act..

Roland Huesca, Triomphes et scandales. La belle époque des ballets russes

Expert en esthétique de la danse, Roland Huesca s’appuie sur de précises descriptions, pour proposer une Histoire culturelle d’un mythe du spectacle vivant : les Ballets russes à Paris. Le 29 mai 1912, au théâtre du Châtelet, la légendaire représentation de L’Après-midi d’un faune, mise en scène et interprétée audacieusement par Vaslav Nijinsky, tend, à son époque, un miroir aux reflets équivoques. Le siècle à peine naissant voit s’aviver une controverse entre chroniqueurs (Robert Brussel, Ab..

SeqScout: Using a Bandit Model to Discover Interesting Subgroups in Labeled Sequences

International audienceIt is extremely useful to exploit labeled datasets not only to learn models but also to improve our understanding of a domain and its available targeted classes. The so-called subgroup discovery task has been considered for a long time. It concerns the discovery of patterns or descriptions, the set of supporting objects of which have interesting properties, e.g., they characterize or discriminate a given target class. Though many subgroup discovery algorithms have been proposed for transactional data, discovering subgroups within labeled sequential data and thus searching for descriptions as sequential patterns has been much less studied. In that context, exhaustive exploration strategies can not be used for real-life applications and we have to look for heuristic approaches. We propose the algorithm SeqScout to discover interesting subgroups (w.r.t. a chosen quality measure) from labeled sequences of itemsets. This is a new sampling algorithm that mines discriminant sequential patterns using a multi-armed bandit model. It is an anytime algorithm that, for a given budget, finds a collection of local optima in the search space of descriptions and thus subgroups. It requires a light configuration and it is independent from the quality measure used for pattern scoring. Furthermore, it is fairly simple to implement. We provide qualitative and quantitative experiments on several datasets to illustrate its added-value

In vivo evaluation of antimyotonic efficacy of β-adrenergic drugs in a rat model of myotonia

AbstractThe sodium channel blocker mexiletine is considered the first-line drug in myotonic syndromes, a group of muscle disorders characterized by membrane over-excitability. We previously showed that the β-adrenoceptor modulators, clenbuterol and propranolol, block voltage-gated sodium channels in a manner reminiscent to mexiletine, whereas salbutamol and nadolol do not. We now developed a pharmacological rat model of myotonia congenita to perform in vivo preclinical test of antimyotonic drugs. Myotonia was induced by i.p. injection of 30 mg/kg of anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (9-AC), a muscle chloride channel blocker, and evaluated by measuring the time of righting reflex (TRR). The TRR was prolonged from <0.5 s in control conditions to a maximum of ∼4 s, thirty minutes after 9-AC injection, then gradually recovered in a few hours. Oral administration of mexiletine twenty minutes after 9-AC injection significantly hampered the TRR prolongation, with an half-maximum efficient dose (ED50) of 12 mg/kg. Both propranolol and clenbuterol produced a dose-dependent antimyotonic effect similar to mexiletine, with ED50 values close to 20 mg/kg. Antimyotonic effects of 40 mg/kg mexiletine and propranolol lasted for 2 h. We also demonstrated, using patch-clamp methods, that both propranolol enantiomers exerted a similar block of skeletal muscle hNav1.4 channels expressed in HEK293 cells. The two enantiomers (15 mg/kg) also showed a similar antimyotonic activity in vivo in the myotonic rat. Among the drugs tested, the R(+)-enantiomer of propranolol may merit further investigation in humans, because it exerts antimyotonic effect in the rat model, while lacking of significant activity on the β-adrenergic pathway. This study provides a new and useful in vivo preclinical model of myotonia congenita in order to individuate the most promising antimyotonic drugs to be tested in humans

Pest risk analysis for Bactrocera invadens : Guidelines on Pest Risk Analysis

Stripping related moisture damage has been recognized as one of the major pavement distresses since the early 1990s. The main objective of this study is to establish an effective test protocol to quantify moisture susceptibility of asphalt pavements. To this end, selective test methods (Texas Boiling test, Tensile Strength Ratio, Retained Stability, and Hamburg Wheel Test), and procedures based on surface chemistries and molecular-level mechanistic properties have been investigated in this study. Firstly, a comprehensive list of literature related to moisture damage in asphalts was reviewed. Based on the literature review, a detailed project plan and test matrix were developed. Binder samples originated from two different crude sources were collected. The moisture resistance related tests such as static contact angle measurements and Texas Boiling tests were conducted. Besides, asphalt binders’ nanomechanical properties using an Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and surface chemistries using a static contact were evaluated in the laboratory. Based on limited test data and analysis, it is concluded that there does not exist any single test method that all agencies are comfortable and equipped to follow in their daily work as each technique has some merits and demerits. However, the Texas Boiling test is found to be the simplest method that requires minimal time and resources. On the other hand, surface chemistry and atomic force microscope-based techniques are becoming popular among researchers and pavement professionals. Findings of this study are expected to help ARDOT in selecting an appropriate moisture resistance test method that is simple, reliable, and easy to implement in their routine work