38 research outputs found

    Facteurs predictifs de mortalite par accident vasculaire cerebral (AVC) a la Clinique Neurologique du chu de Fann, Dakar - Senegal

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    Description Les AVC constituent un problème de santé publique avec une mortalité élevée. Objectif Identifier les facteurs prédictifs de mortalité par accidents vasculaires cérébraux à la Clinique Neurologique du CHU de Fann, Dakar. Méthodes Il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective du 1er Janvier 2001 au 01 Novembre 2003 portant sur des patients avec AVC et ayant eu un examen tomodensitométrique cérébral. Les données sociodémographiques, les antécédents médicaux et chirurgicaux, les signes de gravité associés au tableau neurologique et le pronostic vital ont été collectés. Des analyses uni, bi et multivariées par la régression logistique multiple ont été effectuées. Résultats La population de patients (314) était composée de 56,1% de femmes avec une moyenne d’âge de 61,3 ans (±13,8), un délai moyen d’admission de 8,4 jours (±23,5). Les facteurs de risque d’AVC étaient dominés par l’HTA, l’antécédent d’AVC et le diabète. Les AVCI représentaient 60,2%. Un coma et une HTA étaient associés au tableau neurologique. Soixante dix huit (78) patients sont décédés soit un taux de létalité de 24,8%. Lors de l’analyse de régression logistique multivariée, seuls les antécédents d’AVC et l’existence de coma étaient associés de manière indépendante à la mortalité par AVC. Conclusion Ces résultats démontrent la nécessité d’une amélioration de la prise en charge des patients en unité de soins intensifs et la prévention des récidives d’AVC par une éducation sanitaire des malades.Mots-clés: accident vasculaire cérébral, mortalité, pronostic, Sénégal

    Epilespie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent au Senegal

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    Introduction L’épilepsie constitue un problĂšme de santĂ© publique au SĂ©nĂ©gal avec une prĂ©valence de 8,3 Ă  14/1000. Elle concerne principalement les enfants. L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier les aspects biographiques, phĂ©notypiques et Ă©volutifs de la maladie Ă©pileptique dans une cohorte d’enfants au SĂ©nĂ©gal.MĂ©thodologie Il s’agit d’une Ă©tude rĂ©trospective de dossiers d’enfants Ă©pileptiques suivis rĂ©guliĂšrement au CHU de FANN et Ă  l’HĂŽpital d’Enfants Albert Royer, de Juillet 2003 Ă  dĂ©cembre 2010. Les critĂšres d’inclusion Ă©taient: épileptiques ĂągĂ©s de moins de 18 ans, rĂ©guliĂšrement suivis depuis au moins 3 ans, ayant un traitement adaptĂ©, Ă  dose efficace, avec une bonne observance thĂ©rapeutique.RĂ©sultats Nous avons colligĂ© 522 enfants, ĂągĂ©s de 3 mois Ă  16 ans, avec un sex-ratio de 1,7 en faveur des garçons. L’épilepsie Ă©tait idiopathique chez 57% des enfants et non idiopathique chez 43% des patients. Les facteurs étiologiques Ă©taient dominĂ©s par la consanguinitĂ© parentale, les anomalies de la grossesse et de l’accouchement, les infections du systĂšme nerveux central. Dans le groupe des Ă©pilepsies idiopathiques la consanguinitĂ© parentale et l’épilepsie familiale Ă©taient retrouvĂ©es respectivement chez 64 enfants (21,62%) et 20 enfants (6,75%). Neuf enfants (3%) prĂ©sentaient un trouble du langage isolĂ©, alors qu’un seul enfant (0,33%) avait un dĂ©ficit cognitif global. Dans le groupe des Ă©pilepsies non idiopathiques, les signes associĂ©s à l’épilepsie Ă©taient les troubles du langage (15,70%), du comportement (15%) et des dĂ©ficits moteurs (10,32%). 22,41% des enfants scolarisĂ©s avaient des difficultĂ©s d’apprentissage menant parfois Ă  des redoublements scolaires ou une exclusion.Conclusion La classification syndromique Ă  l’épilepsie est nĂ©cessaire pour une bonne prĂ©vision pronostique et thĂ©rapeutique. Le caractĂšre idiopathique ou non en est pour une grande place, corrĂ©lĂ© le plus souvent Ă  une épilepsie familial ou une consanguinitĂ© ou affection pĂ©rinatal ou infectieuse du systĂšme nerveux central.Mots clĂ©s : Epilepsie, syndrome Ă©pileptique, SĂ©nĂ©gal

    Genetic Interaction between MTMR2 and FIG4 Phospholipid Phosphatases Involved in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Neuropathies

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    We previously reported that autosomal recessive demyelinating Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) type 4B1 neuropathy with myelin outfoldings is caused by loss of MTMR2 (Myotubularin-related 2) in humans, and we created a faithful mouse model of the disease. MTMR2 dephosphorylates both PtdIns3P and PtdIns(3,5)P2, thereby regulating membrane trafficking. However, the function of MTMR2 and the role of the MTMR2 phospholipid phosphatase activity in vivo in the nerve still remain to be assessed. Mutations in FIG4 are associated with CMT4J neuropathy characterized by both axonal and myelin damage in peripheral nerve. Loss of Fig4 function in the plt (pale tremor) mouse produces spongiform degeneration of the brain and peripheral neuropathy. Since FIG4 has a role in generation of PtdIns(3,5)P2 and MTMR2 catalyzes its dephosphorylation, these two phosphatases might be expected to have opposite effects in the control of PtdIns(3,5)P2 homeostasis and their mutations might have compensatory effects in vivo. To explore the role of the MTMR2 phospholipid phosphatase activity in vivo, we generated and characterized the Mtmr2/Fig4 double null mutant mice. Here we provide strong evidence that Mtmr2 and Fig4 functionally interact in both Schwann cells and neurons, and we reveal for the first time a role of Mtmr2 in neurons in vivo. Our results also suggest that imbalance of PtdIns(3,5)P2 is at the basis of altered longitudinal myelin growth and of myelin outfolding formation. Reduction of Fig4 by null heterozygosity and downregulation of PIKfyve both rescue Mtmr2-null myelin outfoldings in vivo and in vitro

    Two Distinct Integrin-Mediated Mechanisms Contribute to Apical Lumen Formation in Epithelial Cells

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    Background: Formation of apical compartments underlies the morphogenesis of most epithelial organs during development. The extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly the basement membrane (BM), plays an important role in orienting the apico-basal polarity and thereby the positioning of apical lumens. Integrins have been recognized as essential mediators of matrix-derived polarity signals. The importance of b1-integrins in epithelial polarization is well established but the significance of the accompanying a-subunits have not been analyzed in detail. Principal Findings: Here we demonstrate that two distinct integrin-dependent pathways regulate formation of apical lumens to ensure robust apical membrane biogenesis under different microenvironmental conditions; 1) a2b1- and a6b4integrins were required to establish a basal cue that depends on Rac1-activity and guides apico-basal cell polarization. 2) a3b1-integrins were implicated in positioning of mitotic spindles in cysts, a process that is essential for Cdc42-driven epithelial hollowing. Significance: Identification of the separate processes driven by particular integrin receptors clarifies the functional hierarchies between the different integrins co-expressed in epithelial cells and provides valuable insight into the complexity of cell-ECM interactions thereby guiding future studies addressing the molecular basis of epithelial morphogenesis durin

    Antibody isotype analysis of malaria-nematode co-infection: problems and solutions associated with cross-reactivity

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Antibody isotype responses can be useful as indicators of immune bias during infection. In studies of parasite co-infection however, interpretation of immune bias is complicated by the occurrence of cross-reactive antibodies. To confidently attribute shifts in immune bias to the presence of a co-infecting parasite, we suggest practical approaches to account for antibody cross-reactivity. The potential for cross-reactive antibodies to influence disease outcome is also discussed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Utilising two murine models of malaria-helminth co-infection we analysed antibody responses of mice singly- or co-infected with <it>Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi </it>and <it>Nippostrongylus brasiliensis </it>or <it>Litomosoides sigmodontis</it>. We observed cross-reactive antibody responses that recognised antigens from both pathogens irrespective of whether crude parasite antigen preparations or purified recombinant proteins were used in ELISA. These responses were not apparent in control mice. The relative strength of cross-reactive versus antigen-specific responses was determined by calculating antibody titre. In addition, we analysed antibody binding to periodate-treated antigens, to distinguish responses targeted to protein versus carbohydrate moieties. Periodate treatment affected both antigen-specific and cross-reactive responses. For example, malaria-induced cross-reactive IgG1 responses were found to target the carbohydrate component of the helminth antigen, as they were not detected following periodate treatment. Interestingly, periodate treatment of recombinant malaria antigen Merozoite Surface Protein-1<sub>19 </sub>(MSP-1<sub>19</sub>) resulted in increased detection of antigen-specific IgG2a responses in malaria-infected mice. This suggests that glycosylation may have been masking protein epitopes and that periodate-treated MSP-1<sub>19 </sub>may more closely reflect the natural non-glycosylated antigen seen during infection.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In order to utilize antibody isotypes as a measure of immune bias during co-infection studies, it is important to dissect antigen-specific from cross-reactive antibody responses. Calculating antibody titre, rather than using a single dilution of serum, as a measure of the relative strength of the response, largely accomplished this. Elimination of the carbohydrate moiety of an antigen that can often be the target of cross-reactive antibodies also proved useful.</p

    Disclosing the Loan officer's role in microfinance development

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    The financial exclusion of the developing country poor requires radically enterprising solutions. Hence microfinance originally aspired to intermediate through unique double bottom line initiatives which would supply more appropriate credit, then other ‘financial services’, in an essentially participatory, bottom-up way. This would simultaneously support local small scale economic activity while enhancing well-being and social/gender justice. However the frontline local officers originally recruited into microfinance institutions to help ‘empower’ the poor towards this end later adopted unexpectedly different roles. Using original data from Zambia this paper examines how this occurred in a frontier field situation. Here loan officers performed multiple, ambiguous, and changeable roles while their home institution first sought to decouple, and then prioritized its own immediate survival over its other founding aspirations. As they acted more like ‘loan repayment agents’ and ‘debt collectors’ than genuinely participative ‘facilitators’ supporting the poor, further, unintended consequences resulted. Any further decoupling and retreat from committed double bottom line working could bear heavily upon microfinance’s further/future development prospects
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