Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhize on Growth and Productivity of \u3cem\u3eStylosanthes seabrana\u3c/em\u3e

Stylosanthes seabrana, an important range legume was introduced in India in the year 1998 through ACIAR-ICAR joint project. It has given good results under agroforestry/silvopastoral systems and can be grown as sole pasture crop or along with compatible grasses/legumes on a variety of soils. For its year round production, intensive cutting approach is generally employed. Under such conditions, plant demands large amount of soil nutrients for better productivity, which are generally applied as inorganic fertilizers (Chandra et al., 2006). In soils with low nutrient contents especially phosphorus (P), large amount of phosphatic fertilizers are required for establishment and growth of legumes. P is often a growth-limiting factor for plant growth and legumes are poor scavengers of P. In soils, P may present in sufficient amounts but much of it is poorly available to plants because of less solubility of phosphates of calcium, aluminum and iron. Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), an important soil microorganism mobilize phosphates and make available to the plants, which indirectly increases their growth (Jha et al., 2012). AM fungi have proved their usefulness in plant production, How even the efficiency of AM inoculants can be affected by properties and texture of the potting substrates (Herrera-Peraza et al., 2011). Since, reports on effect of AM inoculations on growth and productivity of S. seabrana are very scarce in literature; hence, present study was carried out to identify the suitable AM inoculants for S. seabrana

Gum Exudation in Relation to Depth of Incisions on Stem-Bark of \u3cem\u3eButea monosperma\u3c/em\u3e L.: A Dominant Interspersed Tree Species in Grazing Lands

Butea monosperma (Palas), a medium-sized deciduous tree belonging to the family Leguminosae-Papilioneae (family Fabaceae), is a native to tropical South Asia, especially from the regions of India (Indo-Gangetic plains). B. monosperma is a gum yielding tree, found naturally in most of the rangelands and grasslands particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. It is an important multipurpose tree for the rural population providing fodder, fibre, fuel wood, gum, medicine and shade. In Bundelkhand it is most widespread species and mainly found in open woodlands, degraded/ pasture lands and forest and farmer’s lands. It is adapted to survive under harsh environmental conditions such as low and erratic rainfall, and intense solar radiation. The green leaves are lopped for fodder and the yield of milk in buffaloes fed with Butea leaves has reportedly improved. The digestibility of butea leaves is comparable to that of straw and caloric content is reported to be 3.761 cal/g dry weights. Gums and resins are almost ubiquitous in plant Kingdom and many of them continue to play an important role in our daily lives. Numerous plants produce some kind of gum and resin, but only a few are commercially important. They have been used as adhesives, emulsifiers, thickening agents, added to varnishes, paint and ink; for aromas added to perfumes and cosmetics and even play a role in pharmacy and medicine (Howes, 1959; Fernandes, 1964; Kaushik and Dhiman, 2000). India is the producer of different gums in international market. Gum-butea is a minor gum. Traditionally, tapping of gumbutea (known as kamarkas) is one of the key livelihood option for tribes particularly the Saharia community in Central India. The gum is collected by Saharia tribe by making incisions or cuts on stem-bark of butea trees (Prasad et al., 2014). They collect the gum and sell it at very nominal price in local market. It has been found that on an average 10-15 trees/ha of B. monosperma are available in farmer’s field which are used by saharia tribe for collecting gum (Prasad et al., 2014). Traditionally, tribal collects gum during November to February, once in a year. The selection of trees for gum collection is done judiciously and only those trees which have at least 25-30 cm girth are marked for gum tapping. For inducing gum oozing, tribal first remove bark or dead bark from the stem. Thereafter, with the help of a special designed bill hook (having three side sharp edges) incision or cuts or tapping are made to depth 1 to 2 cm. After two days of tapping, trees are visited again for collecting gum. The juice or tears are removed from bark with hand or with the help of small knife. The complete process of gum collection is a labour intensive as the tribal family has to visit every tree twice in a season. However, much information is not available about the tapping possibilities of B. monosperma for gum production. Therefore, study was conducted at Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi to investigate the effect of different depths (0.5 cm, 1.0 cm and 1.5 cm) of incision or cuts made on stem-bark on yield of exuded gum from B. monosperma

Morphological and molecular analyses of Rosa damascena x R. bourboniana interspecific hybrids

Rosa damascena Mill is the most important scented rose species cultivated for rose oil production. Rosa bourboniana L. (Edward rose), a related species, is popular on account of its longer blooming period and ease of propagation. With an aim to combine the oil quality of R. damascena and recurrent flowering habit of R. bourboniana, two cultivars (Jwala and Himroz) of R. damascena were crossed with R. bourboniana. The F1 hybrids obtained were evaluated using morphological, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and microsatellite (SSR) markers. Twenty-two selected RAPD and three SSR primer pairs were utilized for hybrid identification. According to presence or absence of bands RAPD and SSR markers were classified into seven types of markers. The bands specific for the pollen parent and occurring in the hybrids were good markers to confirm the hybridity. The non-parental bands expressing uniquely in hybrids were effective in distinguishing the hybrids from each other. Cluster analysis, based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient using unweighted pair group method based on arithmetic mean (UPGMA), reliably discriminated the hybrids into two main clusters. These results indicate the practical usefulness of RAPID and SSR markers in hybrid identification in scented roses. The approach is advantageous for its rapidity and simplicity, for identification of hybrids at the juvenile stage. One of the studied morphological traits - prickle density, can also complement in the identification of interspecific hybrids between R. damscena (female) and R. bourboniana (male)

Performance of \u3cem\u3eAcacia senegal\u3c/em\u3e L.: Untapped Wealth of Gum Arabic in Rangelands and Grasslands in Arid and Semi-Arid Region of India

Acacia senegal (Linn) Wild a member of Mimosaceae is a small tree of 3-6m in height with umbrella-shaped crown. It is a typical tree of Sahel in Africa from Senegal to red sea and essentially limited to the area between 110 and 160 North, with a wide range of rainfall 100 to 800mm. It spread widely in tropical Africa from Mozambique, Zambia to Somalia, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Nigeria, and in South Asia in India and Pakistan. In India it is a typical tree of arid regions with a low rainfall of 100-250mm. It is drought resistant and tolerates prolonged dry period of 10-11 months, with maximum temperature reaching 500C with strong winds, but susceptible to frost. It occurs mostly on sand stones and skeletal soils and widely distributed as interspersed species in most of the rangelands and grasslands in arid and semi-arid regions of India. World’s 90% gum Arabic is produced from Acacia senegal. The quality of gum is very superior as compared to gum from any other species of Acacia (Andreson, 1990). Nearly 90% of gum Arabic is produced by Republic of Sudan especially from (Kordafan). Production of gum Arabic is meagre in India, and contribution to the world production is negligible. The total annual output of gum Arabic is only 800 Mt compared to world production and consumption of 60,000-70,000 Mt. The domestic production is insufficient even for domestic consumption and more of it is imported from Sudan and Nigeria to meet India\u27s requirements. Gum exudes from cracks in bark of trees, mostly in the dry season. In Sudan the annual yields from young trees ranges from 188 to 2856 g (av. 0.9 kg), and from older trees, 379 to 6754 g (av. 2.0 kg). In India, however, the productivity is low varying from 175 to 550g tree-1 year-1. The main gum producing regions of India where natural as well as planted stands of A. senegal occur are in desert and arid region of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab. The gum yield from various Acacia trees in their natural habitat is very poor. In arid and semi-arid region of India, particularly in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab and Bundelkahand, there is a good scope for extending area for large- scale plantation for production of gum Arabic. The area covered under forest, barren and uncultivable, pasture, oren (temple lands) and community grazing land etc, can be used for commercial plantation of A. senegal. The arid zone of Western Rajasthan is prone to frequent drought and famine and cultivation of gum Arabic can provide livelihood security to desert dwellers. A farmer who has planted 100 trees/ ha at spacing of 10 x 10 m can harvest about 25kg gum assuming average yield of 250g per tree. This would generate revenue of Rs 10000 ha-1 year-1 if, gum is sold at a minimum price of Rs. 400 kg-1. In addition, systematic commercial plantation of Acacia senegal can also provide employment to millions of people towards various planting activities and gum collection. According to an estimate of FAO, gum collection sustains about 0.3 million people and has huge potential of employment. Integration of Acacia senegal in traditional grazing grounds such as orens and gochars, systematically raised silvopastoral systems and other agroforestry landuse for production of gum Arabic can be a profitable proposition. It will not only provide alternative livelihood options to local people but also increase economic viability and sustainability grasslands and pastures. In consideration of wide variations in gum production in respect to sites, annual rainfall and geographical locations, it imperative to study growth performance of A. senegal in different eco-regions and develop site specific models for optimizing production of gum Arabic. This study is a part of research efforts being made at Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi, which is one of the co-ordinating centres in the ICAR-network project on Natural Resin and Gums headquartered at Indian Institute of Natural Resin and Gums, Ranchi. The main objective is to develope suitable agroforestry models based on gums and resins yielding trees for Bundelkhand region. This paper presents growth performance of A. senegal in semi-arid region of Bundelkhand, Central India

Genetic Evaluation of Leucaena Genotypes in Bundelkhand Region of Central India

During the 1970s and 1980s, Leucaena was known as the “miracle tree” native to Central America and Mexico, because of its worldwide success as a long-lived and highly nutritious forage tree. It is estimated to cover 2-5 million ha area worldwide. The genus Leucaena is one of the most widely grown tropical fodder trees and is the subject of extensive research. This is mainly due to its long life span; high productivity even under regular defoliation; its adaptation to wide climatic and edaphic tolerances; excellent palatability and digestibility and many uses including wood for timber and fuel wood. The species possesses enormous wealth of variability and great potential for economic yield which attract the breeders in utilizing the species in hybridization. A logical way to start any breeding programme is to survey the variations present in the germplasm. Precise information on the nature and degree of genetic divergence in respect of important traits is a prerequisite for undertaking meaningful breeding programme towards the improvement and conservation of a species. Further an investigation into the nature and degree of divergence among populations will be useful in understanding the course of evolution and for classifying the tree population into groups based on the diversity, particularly when they are overlapping in one more characters. Therefore, the present study was conducted to estimate genetic divergence among different germplasm of genus Leucaena

Kinerja Dan Rancangan Pemecahan Masalah Lalu Lintas Bagian Barat Utara Kota Semarang

Semarang city is very strategic because it is located in the middle of the north track of Java, connecting East Java and West Java. Annually vehicles across the city of Semarang increases, this was the trigger traffic jams especially on road segment and intersection of the north - west Semarang city. The growth of Gross Regional Domestic Product at Constant Prices 2000 Central Java 6 percent represents that the rate of growth in daily traffic average intersection has increased in the next 5 years. Figures show the feasibility of the service with the highest degree of saturation (DS), the condition on the road DS < 0.75 and at the intersection of DS < 0.85. The results of the analysis of primary data obtained from the field survey in September until Oktober 2013 showed the value of DS on existing roads still eligible, while the value of DS intersections are not eligible. Basic steps of traffic jams problem solving,namely the optimization of intersections with signal timing, intersection geometry settings and traffic management. After these steps are considered not provide significant changes in the value of DS, the last step is planning the construction of northern outer ringroad, or toll road.With the construction of new roads, intersection capacity will be increased with increasing growth rate LHR Semarang city in the years to come

Impact of water management interventions on hydrology and ecosystem services in Garhkundar-Dabar watershed of Bundelkhand region, Central India

Bundelkhand region of Central India is a hot spot of water scarcity, land degradation, poverty and poor socio-economic status. Impacts of integrated watershed development (IWD) interventions on water balance and different ecosystem services are analyzed in one of the selected watershed of 850 ha in Bundelkhand region. Improved soil, water and crop management interventions in Garhkundar-Dabar (GKD) watershed of Bundelkhand region in India enhanced ET to 64% as compared to 58% in untreated (control) watershed receiving 815 mm annual average rainfall. Reduced storm flow (21% vs. 34%) along with increased base flow (4.5% vs. 1.2%) and groundwater recharge (11% vs. 7%) of total rainfall received were recorded in treated watershed as compared to untreated control watershed. Economic Water productivity and total income increased from 2.5 to 5.0 INR m-3 and 11500 to 27500 INR ha-1 yr-1 after implementing integrated watershed development interventions in GKD watershed, respectively. Moreover IWD interventions helped in reducing soil loss more than 50% compared to control watershed. The results demonstrated that integrated watershed management practices addressed issues of poverty in GKD watershed. Benefit to cost ratio of project interventions was found three and pay back period within four years suggest economic feasibility to scale-up IWD interventions in Bundelkhend region. Scaling-up of integrated watershed management in drought prone rainfed areas with enabling policy and institutional support is expected to promote equity and livelihood along with strengthening various ecosystem services, however, region-specific analysis is needed to assess trade-offs for downstream areas along with onsite impact

A Review on Physical, Chemical and Optical Properties of Liquid Crystal

The foundation of the upcoming generation of cutting-edge gadgets and digitally augmented technologies is expected to be smart soft materials. Because of their responsiveness and adaptability, liquid crystals (LCs) are promising smart soft materials. In the 20th century, LCs were crucial to changing the information display sector. However, several beyond-display uses for LCs have been proven at the turn of the twentieth century, neatly using their controlled stimuli-responsive and adaptable properties. New LC materials have been developed and engineered for such applications. The review comes close with a summary and viewpoints on the potential and problems facing LCs as smart soft materials. This review is expected to inspire a wide range of concepts for the application of nature's delicate phase of matter in the generation and beyond of smart and augmented devices

Building resilient agricultural system through groundwater management interventions in degraded landscapes of Bundelkhand region, Central India

Study region: The study was carried out at community scale watershed in one of the fragile ecologies of Central India. Study focus: This paper quantifies the impact of rainwater management (RWM) interventions on major water balance components, irrigation use, crop intensification and energy consumption and their interrelationships. New hydrological insights for the region: RWM interventions harvested additional 35 mm of surface runoff in various masonry structures and facilitated groundwater recharge from 720 mm rainfall received. The net groundwater recharge during monsoon season was estimated 7

Field Bund & Border as Alternative Land Use for Forage Production: A Case of Marginal Farmer in Bundelkhand Region of India

In India, if marginal farmers are approached for production of forage grasses in their agricultural lands, the response of the farmers would be straight forward „NO‟ to the forage crops on agricultural lands. The reason is that food grains (cereals & pulses), vegetables, oilseeds, fruits, etc. are grown on agricultural land and get the first preference for family members, while the forage grasses are least preferred, as crops residues are being fed to livestock. More than 60% of the farm produce come from the small farms only. The productivity of the marginal and small farmers is the solution for growing population food needs. Most of the marginal and small farmers cultivate the farm land with the support of their family members and local labour which the quality of the work is higher. They grow multiple crops and sow as soon as they harvest. The last four decades has witnessed a sharp decline in the average size of operational land holdings in India. The average size of operational land holdings has reduced by half from 2.28 ha in 1970-71 to 1.6 ha in 2010-11. Land holdings in the marginal category (less than 1 ha) constitute 67% of the operational holdings in India (2010-11). Marginal and small holdings together, constitute 85% in terms of number of operational holdings and 44% of the operated area in the country. Thus, over the period, the marginal category has emerged as a distinct and dominant class by itself with its average size dwindling to a mere 0.38 ha. (NABARD, 2014). This is the case study of an illiterate & marginal farmer, Shri Vijay Singh Kushwaha (37) S/o shri Dhan Singh resides in Kushwaha Dera at village Parasai (under Babina development block) in Jhansi district of Uttar Pradesh, Bundelkhand region of central India. He used to cultivate only monsoon crops, was the target of an extension programme initiated by ICAR-Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi in 2011 under the project “Enhancing groundwater recharge and water use efficiency in Semi-Arid Tropics region through watershed interventions, Parasai-Sindh watershed, Jhansi”. The watershed is being developed in consortia mode with ICAR-Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi, and International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad. The watershed comprises three villages namely Parasai, Chhatpur and Bachhauni and located between 250 23‟56‟‟ to 250 27‟ 9.34‟‟ N latitude and 780 19‟ 45.71‟‟ to 780 22‟ 42.57‟‟E longitude. The watershed is about 35 km in the West of the district headquarter. Bundelkhand is prone to severe drought leading to huge migration towards cities in search of livelihoods and the scarcity of green fodder posed as one of the major hindrances for dairy and livestock production activity in the region