ANTAGONISTIC EFFECT OF FOUR FUNGAL ISOLATES TO GANODERMA BONINENSE, THE CAUSAL AGENT OF BASAL STEM ROT OF OIL PALM

ANTAGONISTIC EFFECT OF FOUR FUNGAL ISOLATES TOGANODERMA BONINENSE, THE CAUSAL AGENT OF BASAL STEM ROT OF OIL PAL

REVIEW ON AFLATOXIN IN INDONESIAN FOOD- AND FEEDSTUFFS AND THEIR PRODUCTS

 Aflatoxin is a human carcinogen that  could contaminate food- and feedstuffs, and hence is a major food quality problem throughout the world. Afiatoxin is produced by certain strains of AspergillusJlavus and //. parasiticus. A number of studies have been carried out in Indonesia on atlatoxin contamination in Indonesian food- and feedstuffs and their products from 1990 up to present. They were maize, maize product, peanuts, soybean and soybean meal, black and white pepper, feed ingredients; chicken and duck feeds. Samples were collected from farmers, traders (middlemen), retailers (markets), supermarkets, exporters; poultry and duck community-based farms; and feed mi l l  industries. High levels of aflatoxins were often found in maize, peanuts, chicken feed derived from markets, and duck feed. Low levels of aflatoxins were found in soybean meal and chicken feedstuff. Aflatoxins were not detected in soybean, black and white pepper. Other studies have also been carried out on the effect of carbondioxide (CO2), phosphine, black pepper extract and antagonistic fungi on aflatoxin production of  A. flavus in vitro\  and the effect of airtight storage, phosphine, ammonium hydroxide, fermentation process, bag types, and phosphine in combination with different bag types on atlatoxin contents of maize, peanuts and soybean meal. Some of these methods reduced aflatoxin contents significantly. Keywords: Aspergillus flavus I Aflatoxin / Food-and feed stuffs / Produc

THE QUALITY OF PHYSIC NUT(Jatropha curcas L.) SEEDS PACKED IN PLASTIC MATERIAL DURING STORAGE

The effect of storage duration on fungal population, moisture content, lipid and free fatty acid contents, lipase activity, viability and vigor of physic nut seeds was investigated. Physic nut seeds with initial moisture content of 7.9% were stored in plastic bags under warehouse conditions. Samples of physic nut were collected before storage, and subsequently after one to six months of storage. The results showed that the moisture contents increased after one month of storage, and became relatively constant up to six months of storage. The range of moisture contents (7.9 – 8.4%) was safe for storage of physic nut seeds. Sixteen fungal species were isolated from physic nut seeds during six months of storage. Fungal population decreased with the increase of storage duration. At the beginning of storage, most of the fungi that infected the seeds were classified as field fungi, such as Colletotrichum sp., Cladosporium spp., and Fusarium spp.. Their populations decreased with the increase of storage duration. After three months of storage, the existence of field fungi was generally replaced by storage fungi, such as Aspergillus spp., and Penicillium spp. dominate the population. Lipid contents, viabilities and vigors decreased with the increase of storage duration, while free fatty acids and lipase activities increased. Under uncontrolled condi­tions, physic nut seeds packed in plastic material can be stored up to one month for seeds to be planted, while it can be stored up to five months for producing oil

THE OCCURRENCE OF INSECTS AND FUNGI, AND AFLATOXIN B CONTAMINATION OF STORED SORGHUM IN DEMAK AND WONOGIRI REGENCIES, CENTRAL JAVA

The objectives of this study were to collect informations on the method of postharvesthandling of sorghum and to investigate the moisture contents, insects infestation, fungalinfection, and aflatoxin B contents of stored sorghum grains collected from various stagesof the delivery chain in Demak and Wonogiri regencies, Central Java. In Demak regencysorghum cultivation was monoculture, variety cultivated was UPC-S1. In Wonogiri regencysorghum cultivation was intercropping with secondary crop and cassava. Sorghum varietiescultivated were Kawali, Numbu, ZH30, Mandau and Hibrida hybrids. There was a differencebetween the method of postharvest handling of sorghum at farmer and collector levels inDemak andWonogiri regencies. In general the method of postharvest handling of sorghum inDemak regency was more appropriate and more advance compared to that in Wonogiriregency. The moisture contents of sorghum at farmer as well as at collector level in Demakregency (13.0%) and Wonogiri regency (12.9%) were still lower that that of normal (safe)moisture content of sorghum. The number of insect species associated with sorghum invarious distribution level in Demak andWonogiri regencies was 10 and 17 species, respectively.The dominant insects species were and . The number offungal species found in sorghum at various distribution level in Demak andWonogiri regencieswas 23 species, respectively. In general, the dominant fungal species were ,and . In Demak regency aflatoxin B contents of sorghum atfarmer and collector levels were 22.50 and 15.45 ppb, respectively, while in Wonogiri regency2.27 and 10.28 ppb, respectively.insects, fungi, aflatoxin B , stored sorghum, Demak and Wonogiri regencies,Central Jav

Serangan Tribolium castaneum pada Beras di Penyimpanan dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Serangan Cendawan dan Susut Bobot

Tribolium castaneum is an important insect pest of stored milled rice in Indonesia. The effect of T. castaneum on fungal infection of stored milled rice was investigated together with moisture content and weight loss. Milled rice were placed in glass jars (250 g/jar) and infested with 5, 10, and 20 pairs of T. castaneum. As control, the jars contained only milled rice. Three replications were made for each treatment (including the control). The jars were stored in storage room for 1, 2, and 3 months. Moisture contents (based on wet weight) of milled rice were determined using the oven method. Fungi were isolated and enumerated using dilution plating, followed by pour plate method on Dichloran 18% Glycerol Agar (DG18). Weight loss (based on dry weight) was determined after 3 months of storage.The results showed, that the population of adult T. castaneum increased with the increase in the number of pairs of infested T. castaneum and storage duration. The moisture contents of milled rice were relatively constant during storage. It was assumed, that the moisture contents were more influenced by the environmental conditions rather than the occurrence of T. castaneum. Nineteen fungal species were isolated Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum were the dominant fungal species. Total fungal population decreased after 2 and 3 months of storage, with the increase in the number of pairs of infested T. castaneum. Weight loss increased with the increase in the number of pairs of infested T. castaneum. Based on weight loss of milled rice, the best storage duration was found when the number of pairs of T. castaneum was five pairs, the duration of storage was 1, 2 or 3 months of storage

Keragaman Cendawan Pascapanen pada Umbi Bawang Merah Varietas Bima Brebes

Diversity of Postharvest Fungi on Shallot Bulbs Variety Bima BrebesIn Indonesia, shallot (Allium ascalonicum) is horticultural main commodity after hot pepper. Significant yield losses can be caused by postharvest fungi infection. Research on the diversity of postharvest fungi on shallot bulbs has been conducted in some countries, unfortunately little is done in Indonesia. The study was aimed to obtain information on the diversity of postharvest fungi infecting shallot bulbs variety Bima Brebes from several traditional markets in Bogor City. Shallot bulbs were collected in January and February 2016. The study consisted of fungal isolation from shallot bulbs, fungal pathogenicity test, and identification of pathogenic fungi based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Morphology identification was based on the color of fungal colony, growth pattern, as well as somatic and reproduction structures. Several species of pathogenic fungi were successfully identified from shallot bulbs i.e. Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex, Fusarium fujikuroi species complex, F. oxysporum, F. solani, Penicillium citrinum and P. pinophilum.  Among these fungi, the highest pathogenicity was shown by C.  gloeosporioides species complex.</p

Mikobiota pada Buah Cabai untuk Pengendalian Hayati Colletotrichum capsici

Colletotrichum capsici is a pathogenic fungus causing anthracnose on various tropical fruits, especially chilli. Biological control agents have been used as an alternative method to control postharvest diseases. This study aims to examine the antagonistic potential of mycobiota on red chilli fruit against C. capsici. The pathogen was obtained from diseased red chilli fruits collected from three traditional markets in Municipality of Bogor, isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium containing chloramphenicol (100 mg L-1). Candidates of antagonistic mycobiota were isolated from healthy chilli fruits using serial diution method, followed by pour-plate method on PDA medium containing chloramphenicol (100 mg L-1). C. capsici isolate BIO51046 showed highest pathogenicity on chilli fruit var. IPB Perbani compared to other isolates. Seven isolates of filamentous fungi and 7 yeast isolates were obtained from healthy chilli fruits. Test of antagonism using dual culture method obtained 3 filamentous fungal isolates (Plectosphaerella cucumerina, MF2 and Aspergillus flavus) and 1 yeast isolate (Issatchenkia orientalis) which inhibited the growth of C. capsici BIO 51046 more than 70%. Plectosphaerella cucumerina and I.orientalis did not cause any diseases on chilli fruits var. IPB Perbani. Therefore, these 2 isolates were considered as potential antagonist against C. capsici BIO51046 as the causal agent of anthracnose of chill

Production of Fruiting Body and Antioxidant Activity of Wild Pleurotus

The HS isolate of wild Pleurotus is a wood-rotting fungus found in Bogor, Indonesia. This study was conducted to determine the growth and fruiting body production of HS isolate on three types of substrates, antioxidant activities, and total phenolic contents (TPCs). HS isolate was grown on Paraserianthes falcataria sawdust (PFS substrates), oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) substrates, and mixture of PFS and EFB substrates (M substrates) with proportion 1:1, respectively. Analysis of antioxidant activity of mycelial and fruiting body extracts was conducted using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, whereas TPCs were conducted using Folin–Ciocalteu method. The results showed that HS isolate could grow and produce fruiting bodies on all substrates, but based on all observation parameters, M substrates were the best ones for the growth and fruiting body production of HS isolate with biological efficiency of 88.86%. Fruiting body extract of HS isolate had a better ability to reduce DPPH free radical (IC50, 0.45 ± 0.04 mg/mL) with total phenolic compound of fruiting body extract being higher (4.62 ± 0.08 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract) than those of mycelia extract. Based on this study, HS isolate is potential as a source of natural antioxidants

Aktivitas Antiaflatoksin B1 Ekstrak Daun Rumput Kebar (Biophytum petersianum) terhadap Aspergillus flavus

Aflatoxin B1 was a secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus flavus having negative effect on human health because of its carcinogenic. Many efforts have been done to investigate the antifungal and antiaflatoxin agent derived plant. The objective of this research was to study the activity of antifungal from kebar grass leaf extract on mycelial growth and aflatoxin B1 production of Aspergillus flavus BCC F0219 and A. flavus BIO 2236 isolates in food model medium i.e. carbohydrate-enriched medium, fat-enriched medium and protein-enriched medium. Kebar grass leaf extracts was successively obtained by using n-hexane - ethyl acetate - methanol (HEM). Concentrations of the extract tested on A. flavus BCC F0219 and A. flavus BIO 2236 were 1; 1.5, and 2 MIC. The MIC for A. flavus BCC F0219 in carbohydrate-enriched medium, fat-enriched medium, and protein-enriched medium were 12, 14, and 14 mg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the MIC for A. flavus BIO 2236 in carbohydrate-enriched medium, fat-enriched medium and protein-enriched medium were 12, 16 and 16 mg/mL, respectively. The results showed that the percentage of growth inhibition of A. flavus BCC F0219 and BIO 2236 in carbohydrate, fat and protein-enriched medium at 3 different levels of MIC concentrations ranged between 90.8 - 100% and 93.8 - 100%. The inhibitory effect of Aflatoxin B1 production of A. flavus F0219 BCC and BIO 2236 in carbohydrate, fat and protein-enriched medium at 3 different levels of MIC concentration ranged between 70.86 - 100 % and 83.42 – 98.84 %.ABSTRAKAflatoksin B1 merupakan metabolit sekunder yang dihasilkan oleh Aspergillus flavus yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan karena bersifat karsinogenik. Berbagai upaya telah dilakukan untuk mencari bahan antikapang dan antiaflatoksin yang berasal dari bahan alami seperti tumbuhan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari aktivitas ekstrak daun rumput kebar terhadap pertumbuhan miselium dan produksi aflatoksin B1 dari isolat A. flavus BC F0219 dan A. flavus BIO 2236 pada media model pangan kaya karbohidrat, lemak dan protein. Ekstrak daun rumput kebar diekstraksi secara bertingkat dengan pelarut n-heksana-etil asetat-metanol (HEM). Konsentrasi ekstrak yang diuji untuk isolatA. flavus BCC F0219 dan A. flavus BIO 2236 masing-masing adalah 1; 1,5; dan 2 MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration). Nilai MIC untuk A. flavus BCC F0219 pada media kaya karbohidrat, lemak, dan protein berturut-turut sebesar 12, 14, dan 14 mg/mL. Sedangkan nilai MIC untuk A. flavus BIO 2236 pada media kaya karbohidrat, lemak, dan protein berturutturut sebesar 12, 16, dan 16 mg/mL. Hasil pengujian memperlihatkan bahwa persentase hambatan pertumbuhan isolat A. flavus BCC F0219 dan BIO 2236 pada media kaya karbohidrat, lemak dan protein pada 3 tingkat konsentrasi MIC berkisar antara 90,8 – 100% dan 93,8 – 100%. Hambatan produksi aflatoksin B1 isolat A. flavus BCC F0219 dan BIO 2236pada media kaya karbohidrat, lemak dan protein pada 3 tingkat konsentrasi MIC berkisar antara 70,86 – 100% dan 83,42 – 98,84%.

Potensi Khamir sebagai Agens Pengendalian Hayati Colletotrichum capsici, Cendawan Penyebab Antraknosa pada Buah Cabai

ABSTRACTAntrachnose on chilli fruit caused by Colletotrichum capsici can reduce yield and quality of chilli fruit. Biological control agent can be used as an alternative to control C. capsici. Yeast is one of biological control agent which is potential to control the pathogen. This study was aimed at testing antagonistic potential of yeast on fruits and vegetables against C. capsici. Twenty two yeast isolates were isolated from banana, rambutan, red chilli, tomato, and eggplant fruits. Screening for antagonistic yeast using well test showed that 5 isolates of yeast (CMM-1, CMM-3, CMM-4, TMM-1, and EMM-11) completely inhibited the growth of C. capsici. Based on the result of biocontrol assay of the pathogen in vivo, four yeast isolates (CMM-3, CMM-4, TMM-1, and EMM-11) completely inhibited C. capsici in vivo. Identification using morphological and molecular characteristics showed that these four yeast isolates were Issatchenkia orientalis.Keywords: antagonistic yeast, antrachnose, biocontrol, Issatchenkia orientalis ABSTRAK Antraknosa pada buah cabai yang disebabkan oleh Colletotrichum capsici dapat menyebabkan penurunan produksi dan kualitas buah cabai. Penggunaan agens pengendalian hayati dapat menjadi salah satu alternatif untuk mengendalikan C. capsici. Khamir merupakan salah satu agens pengendalian hayati yang berpotensi mengendalikan C. capsici. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji potensi antagonistik khamir pada buah-buahan dan sayuran terhadap C. capsici. Sebanyak 22 isolat khamir diisolasi dari buah rambutan, pisang, cabai merah besar, tomat, dan terung ungu. Seleksi khamir antagonis menggunakan uji sumur diperoleh sebanyak 5 isolat khamir, yaitu isolat CMM-1, CMM-3, CMM-4, TMM-1, dan EMM-11 menghambat total pertumbuhan C. capsici. Isolat CMM-3, CMM-4, TMM-1, dan EMM-11 menghambat total pertumbuhan C. capsici in vivo. Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi secara morfologi dan molekuler, isolat CMM-3, CMM-4, TMM-1, dan EMM-11 adalah Issatchenkia orientalis.Kata kunci: antraknosa, Issatchenkia orientalis, khamir antagonis, pengendalian hayat