STABILITY-INDICATING HIGH-PERFORMANCE THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF FORMOTEROL FUMARATE DIHYDRATE AND FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE IN BULK DRUG AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

Objective: The objective of the present work was to develop validated stability-indicating high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for simultaneous estimation of formoterol fumarate dihydrate (FFD) and fluticasone propionate (FP) in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form. Methods: Pre-coated silica gel aluminum plates 60 F-254 were used as stationary phase. The mixture of toluene:ethyl acetate:formic acid (98%) (6:4:0.1; v/v/v) was used as a mobile phase. The densitometric quantification was carried out at 233 nm. The method was validated according to the ICH guidelines. The specificity and stability indicating the capability of the method were proven though degradation studies. Both drugs were subjected to acid (0.1N HCl) and base (0.1N NaOH) hydrolysis, oxidation (3% v/v H2O2), photolytic, and neutral degradation conditions. Results: The selected mobile phase resolved peaks of FFD and FP with Rf values 0.27±0.10 and 0.64±0.10, respectively. Determination coefficients of calibration curves were found to be 0.998 and 0.999 in the range of 1–3.5 μg/spot and 10–60 μg/spot for FFD and FP with an accuracy of 99.09% for FFD and 99.20% for FP. The degradation products of FFD and FP were resolved from the pure drug with significant differences in their retention factor values. Conclusion: The developed method is simple, accurate and can be successfully applied for quantification of FFD and FP in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form, contributing to improve the quality control and assure the therapeutic efficacy

Determination of glibenclamide, metformin hydrochloride and rosiglitazone maleate by reversed phase liquid chromatographic technique in tablet dosage form

A simple, precise and accurate high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of metformin hydrochloride, rosiglitazone maleate, glibenclamide present in multicomponent dosage forms. Chromatography was performed on a 25 cm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5-μm particle, C18 column with 78:22 (v/v) methanol: 20 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and UV detection at 238 nm for metformin hydrochloride, rosiglitazone maleate, and glibenclamide. The total elution time was shorter than 9 min. This method was found to be precise and reproducible. This proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of metformin hydrochloride, rosiglitazone maleate, glibenclamide as a bulk drug and in pharmaceutical formulation without any interference from the excipients

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF HPTLC METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF VOGLIBOSE IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS

Objective: This paper describes a new, simple, precise, accurate and specific HPTLC method for estimation of voglibose as a bulk drug and in tablet dosage forms.Methods: Chromatographic separation of the drug was performed on aluminum plates pre-coated with silica gel 60 F254 as the stationary phase and a mobile phase comprising of toluene: ethyl acetate: methanol: 30% ammonia 5:4:1.5:0.2 (v/v/v/v). Densitometric quantification of voglibose was carried out at 292 nm. Voglibose was detected satisfactorily with a Rf value 0.26.Results: The accuracy and reliability of the method was assessed by evaluation of linearity (0.2-1.2 µg/spot), precision (intra-day RSD 0.6-0.9% and inter-day RSD 0.20-0.25%), accuracy (97.32-102.46%) and specificity according to ICH guidelines. Conclusion: The proposed HPTLC method is less expensive, simpler, rapid and more flexible than the reported RP-HPLC method for routine analysis of voglibose in bulk and tablet dosage forms.Â

Sovereign bonds in developing countries : drivers of issuance and spreads

Abstract In the last decade there has been a new wave of sovereign bond issuances in Africa. What determines the ability of developing countries to issue bonds in international capital and what explains the spreads on these bonds? This paper examines these questions using a dataset that includes 105 developing countries during the period 1995–2014. We find that a country is more likely to issue a bond when, in comparison with non-issuing peers, it is larger in economic size, has higher per capita GDP, a lower public debt, and a more effective government. Spreads on sovereign bonds are lower for countries with strong external and fiscal positions, as well as robust economic growth and government effectiveness. We also find that primary spreads for the average Sub-Saharan African issuer are higher than in other regions. With regard to global factors, our results confirm the existing evidence that issuances are more likely during periods of global liquidity and high commodity prices, especially for Sub-Saharan African countries, and spreads are higher in periods of higher market volatility

A Study on Goodness of Fit For The Linear Model of Index Numbers of Jute Productivity In India

A linear trend is fitted to the index numbers of Jute productivity in India from 1993-94 to 2011-12. The line is tested for its goodness of fit by studying standard error, closeness of fit, confidence region, and some sampling distribution techniques such as chi-square test, t-test, z-test. As a result, it is concluded that there is no significant difference between the observed and estimated index numbers of Jute productivity in India from 1993-94 to 2011-12 and hence the regression line is a good fit

A STUDY ON STUDENTS’ ATTITUDE TOWARDS MATHEMATICS IN SOME SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS OF PUDUCHERRY STATE

This case study adopted the illustrative customer survey pattern applying easy frequency and also percentages inside considering the data. 573 secondary school students at random selected through 8 educational institutions in various parts of Puducherry state of India ended up applied. Just One Instrument (JOI) has been applied. It is recommended how the educator needs to develop optimistic relationship with college students and also stress type place routines which involve active teaching- learning method and also students’ contribution in the class. Stakeholders need to organize periodic classes and also courses regarding students, parents and also instructors made to promote optimistic thought patterns towards mathematics

Loss of CD4+ T cell-intrinsic arginase 1 accelerates Th1 response kinetics and reduces lung pathology during influenza infection

Arginase 1 (Arg1), the enzyme catalyzing the conversion of arginine to ornithine, is a hallmark of IL-10-producing immunoregulatory M2 macrophages. However, its expression in T cells is disputed. Here, we demonstrate that induction of Arg1 expression is a key feature of lung CD4+ T cells during mouse in vivo influenza infection. Conditional ablation of Arg1 in CD4+ T cells accelerated both virus-specific T helper 1 (Th1) effector responses and its resolution, resulting in efficient viral clearance and reduced lung pathology. Using unbiased transcriptomics and metabolomics, we found that Arg1-deficiency was distinct from Arg2-deficiency and caused altered glutamine metabolism. Rebalancing this perturbed glutamine flux normalized the cellular Th1 response. CD4+ T cells from rare ARG1-deficient patients or CRISPR-Cas9-mediated ARG1-deletion in healthy donor cells phenocopied the murine cellular phenotype. Collectively, CD4+ T cell-intrinsic Arg1 functions as an unexpected rheostat regulating the kinetics of the mammalian Th1 lifecycle with implications for Th1-associated tissue pathologies