Studies on the mycoflora associated with the leaves of some plants

About twenty four diseased plants were collected from around Aurangabad city of Maharashtra State. The mycoflora on the leaf surfaces was observed by various methods such as direct observation on stained leaf, leaf wash method, spore fall method, leaf print method. About fifteen genera of different pathogenic fungi have been recorded. Potato dextrose agar media was used for growing the fungi. The some fungi which recorded are Alternaria spp., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Cladosporium spp., Fusarium spp., Helminthosporium spp., Phytopthora spp., Pythium spp., Phyllactinia spp, Uncinulla spp., Urosystis spp., Uromyces spp., etc. The maximum infection is by Fussarium spp. and Alternaria spp. to 13 plant species. The pathogen Fussarium spp. and Alternaria spp. are found causing disease both on same host on up to 9 different plant species

Antifungal properties of extracts of Ocimum tenuiflorum and Datura stramonium against some vegetable pathogenic fungi

A study was carried out to evaluate the antifungal properties of Ocimum tenuiflorum (also known as Ocimum sanctum) and Datura stramonium extracts on Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizopus stolonifer using the well in agar method. The in vitro studies have been performed by using leaf, stem bark and root bark chloroform, alcoholic and aqueous extracts. All extracts showed antifungal activity. The stem bark alcoholic extract of D. stramonium showed maximum activity; while minimum activity was observed with root aqueous extract of O. tenuiflorum against the fungi under investigation. Results showed that radial growth in all the test organisms was impaired by the addition of the extracts in the culture medium used. The test organisms differed in their reaction to the different extracts but on the whole, growth inhibition increased with the concentration of each extract. The antifungal activity for both the plants and for both the organisms was found is in increasing order i.e. root bark < leaves < stem bark

Isolation of seed-borne fungi of sorghum (Sorghum vulgare pers.)

Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) is the fifth most important cereal crop in the world after wheat, rice, maize and barley. The grain had been used for consumption of both humans and livestock and also different genes of the plant serve many other important uses. The crop has been suffer from various type of diseases, majority of them are known to be caused by fungi, which are mostly seed born. In present study Seed-borne fungi of sorghum in Marathwada region were surveyed. A total of 24 seed samples of eight different varieties from various locations, collected were tested, using the blotter and agar plate methods. Twenty eight fungal species of eighteen genera appeared in the seeds of eight different variety of Sorghum. In untreated seeds of the entire varieties maximum incidence was of Curvularia lunata. Treated seeds showed complete absence of Cladosporium herbarum, Trichothecium roseum and Absidia ramose. Agar plate method was found to be favorable for the maximum counts of saprophytic fungi and also favorable for detection of some specific fungi. Presence of many pathogenic fungi in considerable number of seed samples indicates the need of field surveys for these and other pathogens.Â

Standardization of Homoeopathic Drug Ruta graveolens L.

Ruta graveolens L. is a small, strong scented perennial herb belonging to family Rutaceae. It is having a broad sphere of action & hence a potential drug in homoeopathy. It has antihysteric, emmenagogic, ophthalmic, vermifuge, carminative, antiepileptic, revulsive, anthelmentic, abortive, spasmolytic properties. It has both curative and injurious on the fibrous and bony tissues, especially in the vicinity of joints. In the present paper, the pharmacognostic and physio-chemical investigations on the leaves and stem of the plant have been presented. Morphological and anatomical characters of leaf and stem are studied in detailed. Physio-chemical parameters of raw drug viz., moisture content, ash values, extractives values, as well as quantitative estimation of various phytochemicals have been studied

<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#1A1A1A;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-IN">Recov<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#434343;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-IN">e<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#1A1A1A;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-IN">ry <span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2E2E2E;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-IN">of <span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#434343;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-IN">s<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#1A1A1A;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-IN">ulphur from H_{<span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#434343;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-IN">2</span>}<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#1A1A1A;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-IN">S bearing <span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2E2E2E;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-IN">gas <span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#1A1A1A;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-IN">with the help of <i>Thiobacillus f</i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#434343;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN; mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language:HI" lang="EN-IN">e<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#1A1A1A;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN; mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language:HI" lang="EN-IN">rrooxidans</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>

5-11A biological process is proposed for the recovery of sulphur from hydrogen sulphide hearing gas. The process involves absorption of the gas in an aqueous, ferric sulphate solution wherein, it is converted to elemental sulphur and ferric is reduced to ferrous. Oxidation of ferrous sulphate, which is a rate determining step, is carried out using Thiobacilluss ferrooxidans as catalyst, immobilized on a Carbon support in a fluidized bed reactor. The experiments are carried out in both batch and continuous modes of operation. The effects of various parameters such as light, ammonium sulphate, urea, and carbon dioxide as additives, have been studied to get better insight into the process of oxidation of Fe 2+ to Fe3+. The absence of light and the addition of ammonium sulphate improved the oxidation rate of Fe2+. The use of urea as an additive showed substantial enhancement of the oxidation rate. As the catalyst loading is increased, the oxidation rate of Fe2+ is also increased. The performance of the reactor in continuous mode of operation has been evaluated at different flow rates of Fe2+ solution. Sulphur of high purity has been obtained from H2S gas. The reduced solution is then oxidized to ferric sulphate and reused partly in order to simulate commercial operation

Treatment of distillery waste after bio-gas generation: Wet oxidation

11-18A process scheme has been presented for treating the waste stream originating from bio-gas generation unit of distillery waste by wet oxidation after thermal pretreatment for membrane process. The objective was not only to make the stream suitable to meet futuristic standards but also to produce acetic acid. The pretreatment can achieve a 40% reduction in COD with 30% color reduction. The wet oxidation of pretreated waste was studied in the range of 180-225°C and oxygen partial pressure 0.69-1.38 MPa. Kinetic studies were performed with and without catalyst. The overall kinetics of distillery waste obeyed a two step mechanism namely, the fast oxidation of organic substrate followed by slower oxidation of low molecular weight compounds formed such as acetic acid. Homogeneous ferrous sulfate is found to be a suitable catalyst to treat the waste effectively, which increases the performance of wet oxidation. While noncatalytic wet oxidation at 220°C achieved a 60% reduction in COD during 120 mins with 95% color destruction, catalytic wet oxidation achieved this at 210°C. Catalytic .wet oxidation with FeS04 increases acetic acid formation. Also, addition of trace amount of hydroquinone significantly increased the acid formation alongwith enhanced rates of COD destruction