About twenty four diseased plants were collected from around Aurangabad city of Maharashtra State. The mycoflora on the leaf surfaces was observed by various methods such as direct observation on stained leaf, leaf wash method, spore fall method, leaf print method. About fifteen genera of different pathogenic fungi have been recorded. Potato dextrose agar media was used for growing the fungi. The some fungi which recorded are Alternaria spp., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Cladosporium spp., Fusarium spp., Helminthosporium spp., Phytopthora spp., Pythium spp., Phyllactinia spp, Uncinulla spp., Urosystis spp., Uromyces spp., etc. The maximum infection is by Fussarium spp. and Alternaria spp. to 13 plant species. The pathogen Fussarium spp. and Alternaria spp. are found causing disease both on same host on up to 9 different plant species

D. A.*, Dhale

Current Botany

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Current Botany 2011, 2(9): 09-11 ISSN: 2220-4822 Available Online: http://currentbotany.org/    Studies on the mycoflora associated with the leaves of some plants Dhale D. A. * Post-Graduate Department of Botany, SSVPS’s, L.K.Dr.P.R.Ghogrey Science College, Dhule -424005 (M.S.), India  Abstract  About twenty four diseased plants were collected from around Aurangabad city of Maharashtra State. The mycoflora on the leaf surfaces was observed by various methods such as direct observation on stained leaf, leaf wash method, spore fall method, leaf print method. About fifteen genera of different pathogenic fungi have been recorded. Potato dextrose agar media was used for growing the fungi. The some fungi which recorded are Alternaria spp., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Cladosporium spp., Fusarium spp., Helminthosporium spp., Phytopthora spp., Pythium spp., Phyllactinia spp, Uncinulla spp., Urosystis spp., Uromyces spp., etc. The maximum infection is by Fussarium spp. and Alternaria spp. to 13 plant species. The pathogen Fussarium spp. and Alternaria spp. are found causing disease both on same host on up to 9 different plant species. Keywords: Mycoflora, leaf surface, pathogen, fungi   INTRODUCTION Phylospere –(Last -1955) introduced term phyllospere to denote the leaf surface of the plants. He further advocated that phylloshere region is similar to rhizosphere in that it is also nutritionally rich, microhabitat and provide suitable (host) substrate for the colonization and multiplication of micro-organism. The report of the intensive investigations on leaf surface mycoflora has been reported by Last and Deighton (1965). The existence of active mycelium in the phyllosphere is a fundamental and much-discussed question (Kerling, 1958; Last & Dcighton, 1965; Dickinson, 1965; 1967; Fokkema, 1968). The results of this work, as well as photographs previously published (Diem, 1970), confirm the presence on green leaves and in natural conditions of a living mycoflora (Warnock 1973). So, many important plants like some of horticultural plants (Abelmoscus esculantus), Garden plants (Jasminum officinales, Rosa demascana), Wild plants (Xanthium strumarium, Cassia tora), Medicinaly very important plants (Azadirecta indica, Wthania somnifera) are studied for there phylospere. Because it is the best way to affect plant with pathogen. MATERIAL AND METHODS The leaves of about twenty four plants were collected from the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University and Government institute of Science campus, Aurangabad. The plant materials (leaves, flowers) were identified using the Flora of Marathwada (Naik, 1998) at Department of Botany, Government institute of Science, Caves Road, Aurangabad (M.S.).  Mycoflora of these different twenty four plants are grown on potato dextrose agar medium in Petri plate and observed under microscope. For study of mycoflora different methods are used like, i) direct observation on stained leaf ii) leaf wash method iii) spore fall method iv) leaf print method. (Last, 1955; Ruinen, 1961; Daft & Leben, 1966; Dickinson, 1967; Rusch & Leben, 1968). RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS About twenty four important diseased plants were observed (Table 1). The microscopic examination of the phyllosphere gave valuable information on the distribution and sequence of the natural mycoflora of the leaf surface. Different results were obtained by the direct observation on stained leaf, leaf washing method, spore fall method and leaf print method have been noted (Table 2). The some important fungi which recorded are Alternaria spp., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Cladosporium spp., Fusarium spp., Helminthosporium spp., Phytopthora spp., Pythium spp., Phyllactinia spp, Uncinulla spp., Urosystis spp., Uromyces spp., etc. By different observation of leaves, the data indicates that the maximum infection is by Fussarium spp. and Alternaria spp. to 13 plant species (Table 3, 4) while Curvularia spp. and Cladospora spp. have infect to 8 and 7 plant spp. respectively. The minimum infections causes by Pythium spp, Collatotricum spp., Phyllactinia spp., Urocystis spp., Uromyces spp., Cercospora spp. Penicillium spp. and Uncinulla spp. to one plant species (Table 3). The pathogen Fussarium spp. and Alternaria spp. are found causing disease both on same host on up to 9 different plant species (Table 5).                Received: July 05, 2011; Revised September 01, 2011; Accepted September 01,2011.  *Corresponding Author Dhale D. A.  Post-Graduate Department of Botany, SSVPS’s, L.K.Dr.P.R.Ghogrey ScienceCollege, Dhule -424005 (M.S.) India  Tel-Fax:02562 – 271340 Email: datta.dhale@yahoo.com     Dhale D.A.   10  Table 1: Plants Studied for the Phyllosphere Sr. No.  Name of the Plant  Sr. No.  Name of the Plant  1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.  Abesmoschus esculantus  Acacia leucophloea  Achyranthus aspera Linn. Ailanthus excelsa  Azadirecta indica A. Huss. Balanites aegyptiaca  Boerhavia repens  Butea monosperma  Calatripis procera  Cassia tora  Cyamopsis tetragonoloba  Dalbergia sissoo  13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.  Euphorbia hirta  Jasminum officinale  Lantana camara  Launaea procumbens  Leea macrophylla  Matrynia annua  Rosa damascene  Solanum virginianum  Tectona grandis  Tinospora cordifolia  Withania Somnifera  Xanthium strumarium   Table 2: Mycoflora associated with the leaves of some plants. Methods used for Study Phyllospere Direct Observation on Stained Leaf  Leaf Wash Method  Spore Fall Method  Leaf Print Method Alternaria spp. Cercospora spp. Curvularia spp. Helminthospore spp Phyllactinia spp. Uncinulla spp. Urocystis spp. Uromyces spp.  Alternaria spp. Aspergillus spp. Cladospora spp. Curvularia spp. Fussarium spp. Helminthospore spp Pythium spp.  Alternaria spp. Aspergillus spp. Cladospora spp. Collatotricum spp. Curvularia spp. Fussarium spp. Helminthospore spp Pythium spp.  Alternaria spp. Aspergillus spp. Cladospora spp. Curvularia spp. Helminthospore spp  Penicillium spp. Phytopthora spp. Pythium spp.   Table 3: Total Frequency of Fungi Found in Phyllospere Study Sr. No.  Name of the Fungi spp.  Out of 24 Medicinal plants  1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.  Fussarium spp. Alternaria spp. Curvularia spp. Cladospora spp. Aspergillus spp. Phytopthora spp. Helminthospore spp Pythium spp Collatotricum spp. Phyllactinia spp. Urocystis spp. Uromyces spp. Cercospora spp. Penicillium spp. Uncinulla spp.  13 13 8 7 5 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1   Table 4: Fungal spp. causing disease to following plants Alternaria spp.  Fusarium spp.  Sr. No.  Name of the Plant  Sr. No.  Name of the Plant  1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.  Abesmoschus esculantus  Acacia leucophloea  Ailanthus excelsa  Azadirecta indica A. Huss. Balanites aegyptiaca  Boerhavia repens  Cassia tora  Matrynia annua  Lantana camara  Launaea procumbens  Leea macrophylla  Withania Somnifera  Xanthium strumarium  1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.  Abesmoschus esculantus  Acacia leucophloea  Ailanthus excelsa  Balanites aegyptiaca  Boerhavia repens  Butea monosperma  Calatripis procera  Cyamopsis tetragonoloba  Lantana camara  Launaea procumbens  Solanum virginianum  Withania Somnifera  Xanthium strumarium   Current Botany 2011, 2(9): 09-11  11Table V: Alternaria spp. and Fusarium spp. causing disease both on same host  Sr. No.  Name of the Plant  1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.  Abesmoschus esculantus  Acacia leucophloea  Ailanthus excelsa  Balanites aegyptiaca  Boerhavia repens  Lantana camara  Launaea procumbens  Withania Somnifera  Xanthium strumarium   ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors wish to thank Head of Botany Department, Government Institute of Science, Aurangabad for providing the necessary laboratory facilities. REFERENCES Daft, G. C. and Lebenc, (1966). A method for bleaching leaves for microscope investigation of microflora on the leaf surface. Plant Disease Reporter 50, 493. Dickimonc, H. (1967). Fungal colonization of pisum leaves. Canadian Journal of Botany 45, 915-927. Dickinsonc, H. (1965). The microflora associated with Halimione portulacoides. 111. Fungi on green and moribund leaves. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 48, 603-610. Diemh, G . (1970). Influence de l’huniidite atmospherique sur la survie de quelques champignons en cours de germination. Comptes rendirs hebdomudaire des sPances de I’Academie des sciences 270, 2922-2924. Fokkemna, J . (1968). The influence of pollen on the development of Cladosporium in the phyllosphere of rye. Netherland Joirrnal of Plant Pathology 74, I 59- I 65. Kerlipigl, C. P. (1958). De Microflora op het Blad van Beta vulgaris. Tijdschriff over Planteziekfen 64, 402-4 10. Last, F.T. (1955). The spore content of air within and above mildew infested cereal crops. Trans.Br. Mycol. Appl. 44: 289-294. Last, F.T. and Deighton, F.C. (1965). The non parasitic microflora on the surface of living leaves. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 48: 83-99. Naik V.N. 1998.”Flora of Marathwada”, Amrut Prakashan Aurangabad. Rusch V. and Leben C, (1968). Epiphytic microflora : the balloon print isolation technique. Canadian Joirrnal of Microbiology 14, 486-487. Rutnen J., (1961). The phyllosphere. I. An ecologically neglected milieu. Plant and Soil 15, 81-109. Waryockd, W. (1973). Origin and development of fungal mycelium in grains of barley before harvest. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 61, 49-56.            

Studies on the mycoflora associated with the leaves of some plants

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Studies on the mycoflora associated with the leaves of some plants

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