Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression among Outpatients with Type 2 Diabetes in the Mexican Population

Depression and anxiety are common in diabetic patients; however, in recent years the frequency of these symptoms has markedly increased worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the frequency and factors associated with depression and anxiety, since they can be responsible for premature morbidity, mortality, risk of developing comorbidities, complications, suffering of patients, as well as escalation of costs. We studied the frequency of depression and anxiety in Mexican outpatients with type 2 diabetes and identified the risk factors for depression and anxiety.We performed a study in 820 patients with type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of depression and anxiety was estimated using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, respectively. We calculated the proportions for depression and anxiety and, after adjusting for confounding variables, we performed multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regressions to evaluate the combined effect of the various factors associated with anxiety and depression among persons with type 2 diabetes. The rates for depression and anxiety were 48.27% (95% CI: 44.48–52.06) and 55.10% (95% CI: 51.44–58.93), respectively. Occupation and complications in diabetes were the factors associated with anxiety, whereas glucose level and complications in diabetes were associated with depression. Complications in diabetes was a factor common to depression and anxiety (p<0.0001; OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.29–2.4).Our findings demonstrate that a large proportion of diabetic patients present depression and/or anxiety. We also identified a significant association between complications in diabetes with depression and anxiety. Interventions are necessary to hinder the appearance of complications in diabetes and in consequence prevent depression and anxiety

No association between the HTR1A gene and suicidal behavior: a meta-analysis A não associação entre o gene HTR1A e comportamento suicida: uma metanálise

OBJECTIVE: Dysfunction of serotonin 1A receptors (HTR1A) may play a role in the genesis of suicidal behavior. We studied the association between a functional polymorphism in the HTR1A gene and suicidal behavior. METHOD: We performed a meta-analysis of published genetic association studies by searching through Medline, PubMed, and Web of Science databases to analyze a possible correlation between the rs6295 polymorphism and suicidal behavior in different populations. RESULTS: Four studies comprising a total of nine hundred and fifty seven patients with suicidal behavior and nine hundred and fifty seven controls were the eligible. The G allele of the rs6295 polymorphism may not be associated with suicidal behavior (Random-effects model: OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 0.80-1.45; p(Z) = 0.80) in presence of heterogeneity (Q = 17.84, df = 4, p = 0.0013). In a second analysis that presented no heterogeneity, a negative association was also observed (OR = 0.94; 95%CI: 0.79-1.13; p(Z) = 0.99). CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, the present study is the first meta-analysis searching for a correlation between rs6295 of HTR1A and suicidal behavior. Our results showed no association between HTR1A and suicidal behavior. However, more studies assessing different populations, as well as larger samples, are needed.OBJETIVO: É possível que uma disfunção nos receptores 1A de serotonina (HTR1A) desempenhe um papel na origem do comportamento suicida. Estudamos a associação entre um polimorfismo funcional no gene HTR1A e comportamento suicida. MÉTODO: Realizamos uma metanálise de estudos de associação genética já publicados através de uma busca nos banco de dados do Medline, PubMed e Web of Science para identificar uma possível correlação entre o polimorfismo rs6295 e comportamento suicida em diferentes populações. RESULTADOS: Foram selecionados quatro estudos com um total de 957 pacientes com comportamento suicida e 957 controles. O alelo G do polimorfismo rs6295 não pôde ser associado a comportamento suicida (modelo de efeitos aleatórios: OR = 1,08; 95%CI: 0,80-1,45; p(Z) = 0,80) na presença de heterogeneidade (Q = 17,84, df = 4, p = 0,0013). Em uma segunda análise, sem heterogeneidade, também foi observada uma associação negativa (OR = 0,94; 95%CI: 0,79-1,13; p(Z) = 0,99). CONCLUSÃO: Pelo que nos consta, trata-se da primeira metanálise cujo objetivo é identificar uma correlação entre o polimorfismo rs6295 do HTR1A e comportamento suicida. Os nossos resultados não demonstraram existir uma correlação entre o HTR1A e comportamento suicida. No entanto, são necessários estudos adicionais que incluam outras populações, assim como amostras maiores

El status epilepticus no modifica la memoria de trabajo en ratas de 21 días de edad: un estudio preliminar

Introduction. Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological condition characterized by continuous seizures during a prolonged period or by seizures occurring so frequently that an individual does not fully recover from one seizure before having another. SE occurs more frequently in the pediatric population and causes long term deficits in learning and memory in humans and experimental animals. However, no evidence exists about the effect of SE induced in developing rats on working memory. Objective. To study the effect of SE induced in fourteen days old rat pups (P14) on working memory during the twenty-one postnatal day (P21). Methods. SE was induced by using the lithium-pilocarpine model: rats were given 3 mEq/Kg lithium chloride (LiCl) i.p. on the day before the induction of SE, which was carried out at P14 by a subcutaneous injection of 100 mg/Kg pilocarpine hydrochloride. Control animals were given an equal volume of LiCl and saline subcutaneously, respectively. Memory was evaluated by using the novel recognition object model at P21. Results. SE did not modify the time of exploration of the familiar and novel object nor the discrimination index as compared with control group. Conclusion. SE induced in P14 rats does not modify working memory evaluated during the P21.Introducción. El status epilepticus (SE) es un tipo de actividad epiléptica que se caracteriza por la presencia de crisis convulsivas por un tiempo prolongado, manifestándose con mayor frecuencia en la población pediátrica. Entre las consecuencias del SE en humanos y en animales de experimentación se encuentra el deterioro en los procesos de memoria y cognición. Sin embargo, no existen estudios realizados poco tiempo después de que suceda el SE en animales en desarrollo para evaluar sus efectos en la memoria de trabajo. Objetivos. Determinar si el SE causado en animales de 14 días de edad deteriora la memoria de trabajo al ser evaluado durante el día posnatal 21, utilizando el modelo de reconocimiento de un objeto nuevo. Material y métodos. Se utilizaron ratas de la cepa Wistar de ambos géneros. Las ratas se inyectaron con cloruro de litio (LiCl, 3 mEq/Kg, i.p.) el día postnatal 13 y 20 h después el SE se indujo tras las administración de clorhidrato de pilocarpina (100 mg/Kg, s.c.; n=10). El grupo control se inyectó con LiCl y solución salina (n=8). El día posnatal 21 se analizó la memoria de trabajo con el modelo de reconocimiento de un objeto nuevo. Resultados. La exploración del objeto nuevo y familiar no difirió entre las ratas con SE y el grupo control; tampoco el índice de discriminación contrasto entre los grupos de animales. Conclusión. El SE inducido en animales de 14 días de edad no modifica la memoria de trabajo evaluada durante el día posnatal 21

Phytochemical screening and hypoglycemic activity of Carica papaya leaf in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The extraction of plant constituents is essential to isolate biologically active compounds, aimed to understand their role on the treatment of diabetes. This study was designed to explore the preliminary phytochemical and physicochemical analysis of Carica papaya L., Caricaceae, leaf, and further evaluation of its hypoglycemic effect on diabetic rats. C. papaya leaves were extracted using chloroform, n-hexane or ethanol. For each extract a phytochemical screening was performed. The tests were conducted in triplicate and the qualitative and quantitative determination of the various metabolites was done using analytical standards proposed by Mexican Herbal Pharmacopoeia. The chloroform extract, containing steroids and quinones as major components, was chosen to study C. papaya biological effects. The chloroform extract was evaporated to dryness, and doses 0, 31, 62, 125 mg/kg were orally administered in 300 µl polyethylene glycol to diabetic rats; and 0 and 62 mg/kg to non-diabetic rats. After a 20-day treatment with the chloroform extract, the animals were sacrificed and blood was obtained for biochemical studies. The main effect observed was a decrease in serum glucose, triglycerides and transaminases in diabetic rats after the administration of C. papaya chloroform extract. These results confirm the potential beneficial action of C. papaya to treat the symptoms of diabetic patients

Association between clinical characteristics and depression in patients with type 2 diabetes.

*<p>Logistic regression model adjusted for all variables in the table.</p><p>CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio.</p

Socio-epidemiologic characteristics and gender differences of patients with type 2 diabetes.

<p>Socio-epidemiologic characteristics and gender differences of patients with type 2 diabetes.</p

Association between clinical characteristics and anxiety in patients with type 2 diabetes.

*<p>Logistic regression model adjusted for all variables in the table.</p><p>CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio.</p