Deep Learning Algorithms for Efficient Analysis of ECG Signals to Detect Heart Disorders

Electrocardiography (ECG) has been a reliable method for monitoring the proper functioning of the cardiovascular system for decades. Recently, there has been a lot of research focusing on accurately analyzing the heart condition through ECG. In recent days, numerous attempts are being made to analyze these signals using deep learning algorithms, including the implementation of artificial neural networks like convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and the like. In this context, this chapter intends to present some important techniques for classifying heartbeats based on deep neural networks with 1D CNN. Five ECG signals (N, S, V, F, and Q) standardization are based on the AAMI EC57 standard. The primary focus of this chapter is to discuss the techniques to classify ECG signals in those classes with promising accuracy and draw a clear picture of the current state-of-the-art in this sphere of study

Evading no-go for PBH formation and production of SIGWs using Multiple Sharp Transitions in EFT of single field inflation

Deploying \textit{multiple sharp transitions} (MSTs) under a unified framework, we investigate the formation of Primordial Black Holes (PBHs) and the production of Scalar Induced Gravitational Waves (SIGWs) by incorporating one-loop corrected renormalized-resummed scalar power spectrum. With effective sound speed parameter, $1 \leq c_s \leq 1.17$, the direct consequence is the generation of PBH masses spanning $M_{\rm PBH}\sim{\cal O}(10^{-31}M_{\odot}- 10^{4}M_{\odot})$, thus evading well known \textit{No-go theorem} on PBH mass. Our results align coherently with the extensive NANOGrav 15-year data and the sensitivities outlined by other terrestrial and space-based experiments (e.g.: LISA, HLVK, BBO, HLV(O3), etc.).Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, Comments are welcom

Out-of-sequence faulting of the Jwalamukhi Thrust, India

The southernmost thrust of the Himalayan orogenic wedge that separates the foreland from the orogen, the Main Frontal Thrust, is thought to accommodate most of the ongoing crustal shortening in the Sub-Himalaya. Steepened longitudinal river profile segments, terrace offsets, and back-tilted fluvial terraces within the Kangra reentrant of the NW Sub-Himalaya suggest Holocene activity of the Jwalamukhi Thrust (JMT) and other thrust faults that may be associated with strain partitioning along the toe of the Himalayan wedge. To assess the shortening accommodated by the JMT, we combine morphometric terrain analyses with in situ 10Be-based surface-exposure dating of the deformed terraces. Incision into upper Pleistocene sediments within the Kangra Basin created two late Pleistocene terrace levels (T1 and T2). Subsequent early Holocene aggradation shortly before ~10 ka was followed by episodic reincision, which created four cut-and-fill terrace levels, the oldest of which (T3) was formed at 10.1 ± 0.9 ka. A vertical offset of 44 ± 5 m of terrace T3 across the JMT indicates a shortening rate of 5.6 ± 0.8 to 7.5 ± 1.1 mm a−1 over the last ~10 ka. This result suggests that thrusting along the JMT accommodates 40–60% of the total Sub-Himalayan shortening in the Kangra reentrant over the Holocene. We speculate that this out-of-sequence shortening may have been triggered or at least enhanced by late Pleistocene and Holocene erosion of sediments from the Kangra Basin

Lithological and structural control on landscape evolution in the western ghat in peninsular India

High elevated erosional escarpments are common feature of the rifted passive margin, but the role of external controls in their evolution is poorly understood. Very few of the existing studies have enumerated the variability of geomorphic matrices to narrate the role of lithology and climate in an extensively large regional scale. We investigated the potential role of lithological diversity and rainfall distribution on the landscape of N-S trending tectonically quiescent Western Ghat escarpment. We observed that low to moderately high local relief (~200 - 500 m) are mostly constricted to Cenozoic basalt in the north. Contrary high grade metamorphic rocks combined with the Proterozoic structures in the south sustain high relief (~1200 - 2500 m). Fewer westerly-flowing streams are following Precambrian fold geometry or joint plains. In most of the cases, the regional joint plain direction (N 115°) define the face of the prominent knickpoints. Most of these knickpoints are primarily retreated by block disintegration process which is highly stochastic. We interpreted that high weathering rate in basalt lowers the interfluve regions that subdues the relief in the northern part. The cause of higher relief in the south is attributed by low weathering rate in the Precambrian lithology (e.g. primarily granite, gneiss and charnockite) and accentuated incision of the channel following the older structure. North to south decrease in the sediment yield (0.11 – 0.06 tons/month/km2; June-November) is by and large prominent which corresponds to a transition between volcanic to metamorphic lithology. Kernel density estimates suggests that spatial distribution of rainfall characteristics, on the contrary, have negligible or no contribution to variability in the reach-wise channel steepness index. The overall analysis suggested that the strength and weatherability of rocks and structural characteristics goes hand in hand to sustain or decay the relief with little or no effect from the spatial heterogeneity of rainfall.by Shantamoy Guha, Saptarshi Dey and Vikrant Jai

Spatiotemporal variability of Neotectonic activity along the Southern Himalayan front: a geomorphic perspective

The Sub-Himalaya is arguably consuming ~100% of the total Himalayan shortening since early Quaternary. We compiled geodetic shortening rates, paleoseismic events (historical earthquakes), shortening rates deduced from uplifted strath/fill terraces and shortening rates from balanced cross-sections from the north-western, central and eastern Himalayan compartments to obtain an orogen-wide perspective of Quaternary deformation. We supported the compiled data with topographic swath, longitudinal river-profile analysis and ksn plots of the existing drainage in those compartments. Review of the existing data shows a mismatch of the trend of the geodetic shortening rates with those of the millennial or longer timescales; however, Holocene and modern day-shortening rates are of same range (~14-21?mm.a-1). Quaternary shortening rates are much lower, probably due to a longer time-averaging. Except central Nepal, the other sectors show significant out-of-sequence thrusting (~50% of the total) within the Sub-Himalaya since the Holocene. Paleoseismic data show variable recurrence intervals of large earthquakes along-strike (~100-600 years) and large seismic gaps or slip-deficit sectors, which could potentially cause surface-rupture earthquakes in the future.by Saptarshi Dey, Rahul Kumar Kaushal, Sonam and Vikrant Jai

Eroding the Himalayas : processes, evolution, implications

International audienc

Sustained out-of-sequence shortening along a tectonically active segment of the Main Boundary thrust: The Dhauladhar Range in the northwestern Himalaya

International audienceCompeting hypotheses suggest that Himalayan topography is sustained and the plate convergence is accommodated either solely along the basal décollement, the Main Himalayan thrust (MHT), or more broadly, across multiple thrust faults. In the past, structural, geomorphic, and geodetic data of the Nepalese Himalaya have been used to constrain the geometry of the MHT and its shallow frontal thrust fault, known as Main Frontal thrust (MFT). The MHT flattens at depth and connects to a hinterland mid-crustal, steeper thrust ramp, located ~100 km north of the deformation front. There, the present-day convergence across the Himalaya is mostly accommodated by slip along the MFT. Despite a general agreement that in Nepal most of the shortening is accommodated along the MHT, some researchers have suggested the occurrence of persistent out-of-sequence shortening on interior faults near the Main Central thrust (MCT). Along the northwest Himalaya, in contrast, some of these characteristics of central Nepal are missing, suggesting along-strike variation of wedge deformation and MHT fault geometry. Here we present new field observations and seven zircon (U-Th)/He (ZHe) cooling ages combined with existing low-temperature data sets. In agreement with our previous findings, we suggest that the transect of cooling age patterns across the frontal Dhauladhar Range reveals that the Main Boundary thrust (MBT) is a primary fault, which has uplifted and sustained this spectacular mountain front since at least the late Miocene. Our results suggest that the MBT forms an ~40-km-long fault ramp before it soles into the MHT, and motion along it has exhumed rocks from depth of ~8-10 km. New three-dimensional thermokinematic modeling (using Pecube finite-element code) reveals that the observed ZHe and apatite fission track cooling ages can only be explained by sustained mean MBT slip rates between ~2.6 and 3.5 mm a-1 since at least 8 Ma, which corresponds to a horizontal shortening rate of ~1.7-2.4 mm a-1. We propose that the MBT is active today, despite a lack of definitive field or seismogenic evidence, and continues to accommodate crustal shorting by out-of-sequence faulting. Assuming that present-day geodetic shorting rates (~14 ± 2 mm a-1) across the northwest Himalaya have been sustained over geologic time scales, this implies that the MBT accommodated ~15% of the total Himalayan convergence since its onset. Furthermore, our modeling results imply that the MHT is missing a hinterland mid-crustal ramp further north