NS-Gedankengut und Strafrecht : Die §§ 86, 86a StGB und § 130 StGB zwischen der Abwehr neonazistischer Gefahren und symbolischem Strafrecht

Der Umgang mit nationalsozialistischem Gedankengut ist für das Selbstverständnis der Bundesrepublik Deutschland seit ihrer Gründung von zentraler Bedeutung. Das periodische Auftreten neonazistischer Bestrebungen stellte ihren antinationalsozialistischen Gründungskonsens immer wieder in Frage. Auf das als bedrohlich empfundene Erstarken neonazistischer Bewegungen reagierte sie stets auch mit strafrechtlichen Mitteln. So wurden im Lauf der Zeit drei Strafbestimmungen ins StGB eingeführt, welche die Strafbarkeit an das Äußern von NS-Gedankengut knüpfen: §§ 86, 86a und § 130 StGB. Clivia von Dewitz geht der Frage nach, was Strafnormen, welche die Strafbarkeit an die Äußerung von NS-Gedankengut anknüpfen, auszeichnet. Durch die Darstellung der Gesetzgebungsgeschichte dieser Normen von der Nachkriegszeit bis zur Einführung der Strafbarkeit des Auschwitz-Leugnens im Jahr 1994, ihre Einordnung in den Kontext strafrechtlicher Grundsatzdiskussionen und ihre dogmatische Analyse wird eine erste Annäherung an ihre dogmatischen Spezifika ermöglicht. Das Ergebnis ist, dass die untersuchten Normen stets an die Grenzen dessen führen, was strafrechtsdogmatisch noch zu rekonstruieren und verfassungsrechtlich zu rechtfertigen ist. Sie werden dadurch geprägt, dass in ihnen in besonderer Weise eine symbolische Bedeutung mitschwingt, die über die durch das Strafrecht zu erreichende Gefahrenabwehr hinausgeht. Diese symbolische Bedeutung kommt in dem inhaltlichen Anknüpfen an NS-Gedankengut zum Ausdruck, das dem Strafrecht sonst fremd ist. Im Anschluss an die strafrechtsdogmatische und verfassungsrechtliche Untersuchung der NS-Propagandaverbote wird daher der Bezug zur Diskussion um symbolisches Strafrecht hergestellt und gefragt, inwieweit sich damit die Besonderheiten dieser Delikte erklären lassen

Angular Dependences of Third Harmonic Generation from Microdroplets

We present experimental and theoretical results for the angular dependence of third harmonic generation (THG) of water droplets in the micrometer range (size parameter $62<ka<248$). The THG signal in $p$- and $s$-polarization obtained with ultrashort laser pulses is compared with a recently developed nonlinear extension of classical Mie theory including multipoles of order $l\leq250$. Both theory and experiment yield over a wide range of size parameters remarkably stable intensity maxima close to the forward and backward direction at ``magic angles''. In contrast to linear Mie scattering, both are of comparable intensity.Comment: 4 pages, RevTeX, 3 figures available on request from [email protected], submitted to PR

Phrenic-specific transcriptional programs shape respiratory motor output

The precise pattern of motor neuron (MN) activation is essential for the execution of motor actions; however, the molecular mechanisms that give rise to specific patterns of MN activity are largely unknown. Phrenic MNs integrate multiple inputs to mediate inspiratory activity during breathing and are constrained to fire in a pattern that drives efficient diaphragm contraction. We show that Hox5 transcription factors shape phrenic MN output by connecting phrenic MNs to inhibitory pre-motor neurons. genes establish phrenic MN organization and dendritic topography through the regulation of phrenic-specific cell adhesion programs. In the absence of genes, phrenic MN firing becomes asynchronous and erratic due to loss of phrenic MN inhibition. Strikingly, mice lacking genes in MNs exhibit abnormal respiratory behavior throughout their lifetime. Our findings support a model where MN-intrinsic transcriptional programs shape the pattern of motor output by orchestrating distinct aspects of MN connectivity

Nonlinear Magneto-Optics of Fe Monolayers from first principles: Structural dependence and spin-orbit coupling strength

We calculate the nonlinear magneto-optical response of free-standing fcc (001), (110) and (111) oriented Fe monolayers. The bandstructures are determined from first principles using a full-potential LAPW method with the additional implementation of spin-orbit coupling. The variation of the spin-orbit coupling strength and the nonlinear magneto-optical spectra upon layer orientation are investigated. We find characteristic differences which indicate an enhanced sensitivity of nonlinear magneto-optics to surface orientation and variation of the in-plane lattice constants. In particular the crossover from onedimensional stripe structures to twodimensional films of (111) layers exhibits a clean signature in the nonlinear Kerr-spectra and demonstrates the versatility of nonlinear magneto-optics as a tool for in situ thin-film analysis.Comment: 28 pages, RevTeX, psfig, submitted to PR

The anticonvulsive Phenhydan^® suppresses extrinsic cell death.

Different forms of regulated cell death-like apoptosis and necroptosis contribute to the pathophysiology of clinical conditions including ischemia-reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, sepsis, and multiple sclerosis. In particular, the kinase activity of the receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) is crucial for cell fate in inflammation and cell death. However, despite its involvement in pathological conditions, no pharmacologic inhibitor of RIPK1-mediated cell death is currently in clinical use. Herein, we screened a collection of clinical compounds to assess their ability to modulate RIPK1-mediated cell death. Our small-scale screen identified the anti-epilepsy drug Phenhydan® as a potent inhibitor of death receptor-induced necroptosis and apoptosis. Accordingly, Phenhydan® blocked activation of necrosome formation/activation as well as death receptor-induced NF-κB signaling by influencing the membrane function of cells, such as lipid raft formation, thus exerting an inhibitory effect on pathophysiologic cell death processes. By targeting death receptor signaling, the already FDA-approved Phenhydan® may provide new therapeutic strategies for inflammation-driven diseases caused by aberrant cell death

Report on the nature and types of driver interactions including their potential future

The Baltic Sea is a dynamic environment responding to various drivers operating at different temporal and spatial scales. In response to climate change, the Baltic Sea is warming and the frequency of extreme climatic events is increasing (Lima & Wethey 2012, BACC 2008, Poloczanska et al. 2007). Coastal development, human population growth and globalization intensify stressors associated with human activities, such as nutrient loading, fisheries and proliferation of invasive and bloom-forming species. Such abrupt changes have unforeseen consequences for the biodiversity and the function of food webs and may result in loss of ecological key species, alteration and fragmentation of habitats. To mitigate undesired effects on the Baltic ecosystem, an efficient marine management will depend on the understanding of historical and current drivers, i.e. physical and chemical environmental conditions and human activities that precipitate pressures on the natural environment. This task examined a set of key interactions of selected natural and anthropogenic drivers in space and time, identified in Task 3.1 as well as WP1 and WP2 (e.g. physico-chemical features vs climate forcing; eutrophication vs oxygen deficiency vs bio-invasions; fisheries vs climate change impacts) by using overlay-mapping and sensitivity analyses. The benthic ecosystem models developed under Task 2.1 were used to investigate interactions between sea temperature and eutrophication for various depth strata in coastal (P9) and offshore areas (P1) of the Baltic Sea. This also included investigation on how the frequency and magnitude of deep-water inflow events determines volume and variance of salinity and temperature under the halocline, deep-water oxygen levels and sediment fluxes of nutrients, using observations and model results from 1850 to present (P1, P2, P6, P9, P12). The resulting synthesis on the nature and magnitude of different driver interactions will feed into all other tasks of this WP3 and WP2/WP4. Moreover, the results presented in this report improve the process-based and mechanistic understanding of environmental change in the Baltic Sea ecosystem, thereby fostering the implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive

Organization of motor pools depends on the combined function of N-cadherin and type II cadherins

Type I and type II classical cadherins constitute a family of cell adhesion molecules expressed in complex combinatorial profiles in the nervous system, suggesting the hypothesis that a cadherin code implements specific adhesive recognition events that control the development of neural circuits. In the spinal cord, classical cadherins define at a molecular level the positional organization of motor neuron subtypes into discrete nuclear structures termed motor pools. However, the roles and contributions of different members of the family in defining motor neuron spatial organization are not clear yet. By combining mouse genetics with quantitative positional analysis, we found that motor neurons organization into pools depends on type II cadherins, nevertheless their function does not strictly reflect the predictions arising from binding specificities at a molecular level, but instead relies on N-cadherin, a type I cadherin whose elimination is required to reveal type II contributions