Antibacterial Activity from Temulawak Extract (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) on Growth Inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis In Vitro

Background: Infection is one of the main causes of disease in tropical regions like Indonesia. One of them can be caused by bacterial infection of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Staphylococcus epidermidis is an opportunistic bacterium that attacks individuals when the body's immune system is weak. The incidence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics that already exist so that requires an alternative treatment, one of which is the use of temulawak rhizome extract (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb). Temulawak rhizome is one of the spices which is still often used as traditional medicine among Indonesian people. Temulawak rhizome extract is known to have a variety of chemical contents with active compounds in the form of essential oils xanthorrhizol and curcumin which can affect the rate of bacterial growth.Methods: This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of temulawak rhizome extract on the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria in vitro. The method used in this study is the true experimental post test only control group design. Samples were divided into four treatment concentrations such as the extract concentration of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of temulawak rhizome which was tested by agar diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer).Result: The results of the analyze of variant (ANOVA) test showed a significant difference (p = 0,000). The temulawak extract could inhibit bacterial growth with a medium inhibitory response (5-10 mm). Temulawak rhizome extract showed the greatest inhibition at 100% concentration with an average inhibition zone diameter of 9.20 mm.Conclusion : The extract of temulawak rhizome has antibacterial activity. The higher concentration of temulawak rhizome extract (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb), the greater ability to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria.

Potensi Ekstrak Kunyit (Curcuma longa) Terhadap Kadar Ischemia Modified Albumin (IMA) pada Tikus Model Penyakit Jantung Koroner

Penyakit Jantung Koroner (PJK) adalah penyakit kardiovaskuler akibat penyempitan pembuluh darah koroner yang menyebabkan iskemia miokard, sehingga mengakibatkan apoptosis sel. Kunyit mengandung senyawa yang berperan sebagai anti inflamasi, seperti kurkumin.  Tujuan: Menentukan pengaruh kandungan kurkumin pada kunyit (Curcuma longa) terhadap kadar Ischemia Modified Albumin (IMA). Metode: Desain penelitian ini adalah rancangan post-test only control group dengan menggunakan tikus wistar jantan sebanyak 30 ekor yang terbagi ke dalam 5 kelompok yaitu, kelompok 1 kontrol negatif, kelompok 2 kontrol positif, kelompok perlakuan 1, 2, dan 3. Kelompok perlakuan masing-masing mendapatkan ekstrak kunyit dengan variasi dosis 50, 100, dan 200 mg/kgBB. Pemeriksaan kadar IMA dalam serum darah menggunakan teknik ELISA. Data dianalisis dengan uji One-Way Anova. Hasil: Kadar IMA pada masing masing kelompok adalah kelompok 1 kontrol negative = 300,471 ng/mL, kelompok 2 kontrol positif = 333,357 ng/mL, kelompok perlakukan 1 dosis 50mg/kg = 232,317 ng/mL, kelompok perlakukan 2 dosis 100 mg/kgBB = 173,385 ng/mL, dan kelompok perlakuan 3 dosis 200 mg/kgBB =  217,358 ng/mL. Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna kadar IMA antara semua kelompok penelitian, yakni kelompok kontrol positif, kontrol negatif, maupun kelompok perlakuan (p>0,05). Berdasarkan Independent  t-test menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna kadar IMA antara kelompok perlakuan ekstrak kunyit 100 mg/kgBB, 200 mg/kgBB dengan kelompok kontrol positif. Simpulan: Ekstrak kunyit berpengaruh terhadap kadar IMA.Kata kunci: IMA, kunyit, kurkumi

Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) of Mini circle DNA Transfection (McD) is Encapsulated by Gold Nanoparticles from Folate’s Receptors of Gold Conjugation as Curative Therapy for Non-Small’s Cell of Lung Cancer

Background: Lung cancer is one of the non-communicable diseases that have an increasing number of events that each year with a mortality rate of 18.4% and an incidence of 11.6%, occupies the top position based on GLOBOCAN data in 2018. One of management in the NSCLC is currently in the form of surgery and adjuvant therapy such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and target therapy. However, there were weaknesses and limitations in care for its patients therefore development of curative therapy for NSCLC’s patients were needed.  The aim of this review is to learn and investigate about the potential of siRNA that is transfected into McD and folate receptors alpha-conjugated gold nanoparticle encapsulation as a therapeutic opportunity that could be developed as a treatment in management of NSCLC.Method: The writing method used in this review article was the study method of literature.  The used data comes from 45 of relevant literature sources and was arranged systematically in accordance with the topic of the problem discussed, along with the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Result: This treatment could increase gene transfection, siRNA biodistribution in organs, reduced KRAS, Bcl-2, and VEGF expression.  Moreover, siRNA had entered phase III clinical trials and FOLR1 antibodies were in phase II of clinical trials.Conclusion: Utilization of siRNA specifically was designed for three genes such for KRAS, VEGF and Bcl-2 which were three genes that played a role in the pathogenesis of NSCLC, could be the right modality choice for treatment of NSCLC.