Proceso para producir percarbonato de sodio a escala piloto

El proyecto de producir un agente blanqueador con base en percarbonato de sodio, bien conocido en otros países, surge a partir de su aplicación limitada en las industrias colombianas y debido a su alto costo y difi cultades para su importación. En tal sentido, se procede a evaluar su demanda actual, las condiciones adecuadas para obtenerlo en el laboratorio, su posible escalamiento y su factibilidad económica. El estudio de mercado muestra gran variabilidad en la demanda y en el precio de diferentes agentes blanqueadores. Se avalúan los productos de la competencia y se encuentra que el hipoclorito de sodio es el agente blanqueador más usado, con un 23% del consumo, seguido por el peróxido de hidrógeno (15%). El diseño experimental permite establecer las relaciones de los componentes de la mezcla reaccionante, para lograr el máximo rendimiento del 52,0% con respecto a la relación estequiométrica. Finalmente, con el análisis fi nanciero se concluye con la viabilidad del proyecto

Proceso para producir percarbonato de sodio a escala piloto

The idea of producing a sodium-percarbonate–based bleaching agent, well known in other countries, emerged from the minimum use of this product found in the Colombian chemical industry due to high cost and importing difficulties. In this sense, a current demand of the product is assessed, as well as the proper conditions to obtain it in the laboratory, the suspected scaling and the economic feasibility. The market survey resulted in a great variety of both the demand and prices of different bleaching agents. Competitor’s products were assessed finding sodium hypochlorite as the most commonly used bleaching agent, 23%, followed by hydrogen peroxide, 15%. The experimental design allows us to establish the connections of the reagent-mixture components to get a maximum yield of 52.0% regarding this stoichiometry connection. Finally, the feasibility of the project is concluded through the financial analysis.El proyecto de producir un agente blanqueador con base en percarbonato de sodio, bien conocido en otros países, surge a partir de su aplicación limitada en las industrias colombianas y debido a su alto costo y difi cultades para su importación. En tal sentido, se procede a evaluar su demanda actual, las condiciones adecuadas para obtenerlo en el laboratorio, su posible escalamiento y su factibilidad económica. El estudio de mercado muestra gran variabilidad en la demanda y en el precio de diferentes agentes blanqueadores. Se avalúan los productos de la competencia y se encuentra que el hipoclorito de sodio es el agente blanqueador más usado, con un 23% del consumo, seguido por el peróxido de hidrógeno (15%). El diseño experimental permite establecer las relaciones de los componentes de la mezcla reaccionante, para lograr el máximo rendimiento del 52,0% con respecto a la relación estequiométrica. Finalmente, con el análisis fi nanciero se concluye con la viabilidad del proyecto

Reply to: Caution over the use of ecological big data for conservation

[Extract] Our global analysis1 estimated the overlap and fishing exposure risk (FEI) using the space use of satellite-tracked sharks and longline fishing effort monitored by the automatic identification system (AIS). In the accompanying Comment, Harry and Braccini2 draw attention to two localized shark–longline vessel overlap hotspots in Australian waters, stating that 47 fishing vessels were misclassified as longline and purse seine vessels in the Global Fishing Watch (GFW)3 2012–2016 AIS fishing effort data product that we used. This, they propose2, results in misidentifications that highlight fishing exposure hotspots that are subject to an unexpected level of sensitivity in the analysis and they suggest that misidentifications could broadly affect the calculations of fishing exposure and the central conclusions of our study1. We acknowledged in our previously published paper1 that gear reclassifications were likely to occur for a small percentage of the more than 70,000 vessels studied, however, here we demonstrate that even using much larger numbers of vessel reclassifications than those proposed by Harry and Braccini2, the central results and conclusions of our paper1 do not change

Reply to: Shark mortality cannot be assessed by fishery overlap alone

[Extract] Our previously published paper1 provided global fine-scale spatiotemporal estimates (1° × 1°; monthly) of overlap and fishing exposure risk (FEI) between satellite-tracked shark space use and automatic identification system (AIS) longline fishing effort. We did not assess shark mortality directly, but in addition to replying to the Comment by Murua et al.2, we confirm—using regression analysis of spatially matched data—that fishing-induced pelagic shark mortality (catch per unit effort (CPUE)) is greater where FEI is higher. We focused on assessing shark horizontal spatiotemporal overlap and exposure risk with fisheries because spatial overlap is a major driver of fishing capture susceptibility and previous shark ecological risk assessments (ERAs) assumed a homogenous shark density within species-range distributions3,4,5 or used coarse-scale modelled occurrence data, rather than more ecologically realistic risk estimates in heterogeneous habitats that were selected by sharks over time. Furthermore, our shark spatial exposure risk implicitly accounts for other susceptibility factors with equal or similar probabilities to those commonly used in shark ERAs3,5