6 research outputs found
Ultrasonography alone can reliably locate parathyroid tumours and facilitates minimally invasive parathyroidectomy
Wood pellet market and trade: A global perspective
This perspective provides an overview of wood pellet markets in a number of countries
of high signifi cance, together with an inventory of market factors and relevant past or existing policies.
In 2010, the estimated global wood pellet production and consumption were close to 14.3 Mt
(million metric tonnes) and 13.5 Mt, respectively, while the global installed production capacity
had reached over 28 Mt. Two types of pellets are mainly traded (i) for residential heating and (ii) for
large-scale district heating or co-fi ring installations. The EU was the primary market, responsible
for nearly 61% and 85% of global production and consumption, respectively in 2010. EU markets
were divided according to end use: (i) residential and district heating, (ii) power plants driven
market, (iii) mixed market, and (iv) export-driven countries. North America basically serves as an
exporter, but also with signifi cant domestic consumption in USA. East Asia is predicted to become
the second-largest consumer after the EU in the near future. The development perspective in Latin
America remains unclear. Five factors that determine the market characteristics are: (i) the existence
of coal-based power plants, (ii) the development of heating systems, (iii) feedstock availability,
(iv) interactions with wood industry, and (v) logistics factor. Furthermore, intervention policies play
a pivotal role in market development. The perspective of wood pellets industry was also analyzed
from four major aspects: (i) supply potential, (ii) logistics issues, (iii) sustainability considerations, and
(iv) technology development
Synthesis and styrene copolymerization of benzyloxy, methylphenyl, acetoxy, acetyl, cyano, and amino ring-substituted 2-methoxyethyl phenylcyanoacrylates
Novel ring-substituted 2-methoxyethyl phenylcyanoacrylates, RPhCH=C(CN)CO2CH2CH2OCH3 (where R is 2-benzyloxy, 3-benzyloxy, 4-benzyloxy, 3-(4-methylphenyl), 4-(4-methylphenyl), 4-acetoxy, 2-acetyl, 3-acetyl, 4-acetamido, 2-cyano, 3-cyano, 4-cyano, 4-dimethylamino, 4-diethylamino) were prepared and copolymerized with styrene. The acrylates were synthesized by the piperidine catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of ring-substituted benzaldehydes and 2-methoxyethyl cyanoacetate, and characterized by CHN analysis, IR, 1H and 13C NMR. All the acrylates were copolymerized with styrene in solution with radical initiation (ABCN) at 70C. The compositions of the copolymers were calculated from nitrogen analysis