Architecture for Automated Irrigation System

Agriculture sector provides food as well as large employment. Impact of agriculture development as traditional framing is unable to increase the crop yield. In our country , the growth of population is around 2% per year. Thus food production should increase about 2.6% per year to provide an effcient food intake. The use of water resources to be optimally connected and beneficially utilized with appropriate priorities of use. Therefore the real values of soil moisture, air humidity, temperature and water level in the soil are wirelessly transmitted using wireless technology and same is monitored for optimum production of crop production

Salinity tolerance and fishery of mud shrimp Solenocera crassicornis (H. Milne Edwards) in the coastal waters of Mumbai

Salinity tolerance of mud shrimp Solenocera crassicornis investigated at different salinities ranging from 15‰ to 55‰ showed that shrimps in the salinity range 30‰ - 42‰ survived but those in lower and higher salinities died soon after the transfer. Ionic concentration in the hemolymph and free amino acids in the body muscle in response to different salinity ranges showed hypo-regulation initially but later became hyposmotic to the medium and died eventually when the salinity decreased. The abundance of shrimp showed inverse relationship with rainfall and consequent lowering of salinity in the inshore waters. The study showed that S. crassicornis can regulate osmotic and ionic concentrations of body fluids efficiently in the salinity range of 30 - 42‰ but unlike euryhaline penaeid shrimps it is a poor regulator at lower salinities and therefore it migrates offshore during monsoon months

Biomedical Waste Management – A Review

Bio-medical waste is generated mainly by health care establishments. The management of Bio-medical waste is still infant all across the world. It consists of Bio-medical waste as well as chemical waste with a portion of solid waste. This is a review paper which is prepared from the surveys of various research papers on improper biomedical waste. This research article is to survey the practice of biomedical waste such as collection, storage, transportation and disposal along with the amount of generated biomedical waste in various hospitals. Biomedical waste management is one of the biggest challenges of the present day times. It has a direct impact on the health of the citizen of that city. It is hazardous in nature. It’s safe and proper disposal is extremely important. As in many developing countries the generation of biomedical waste has increased significantly over the last few decades, management of this kind of waste continues to be a major challenge. Biomedical waste is generated in hospitals, research institutions, health care teaching institutes, clinics, laboratories, blood banks, animal houses and veterinary institutes. For proper management of bio-medical waste the Ministry of Environment and Forests has promulgated the Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998. Purpose of study was to highlight certain aspects of hospital waste management status. This paper will sensitize the reader about the impacts of improper waste management. Proper handling, treatment and disposal of the biomedical waste material are most important issue for the health of the human beings. The inadequate knowledge about the proper handling of biomedical waste can be dangerous to the health of common man as well as of health care personnel. This review discusses about various types of waste, its hazards and management

Food and feeding habit of a penaeid prawn Metapeneopsis stridulans (Alcock 1905)

Metapeneopsis stridulans feeds on a variety of food items, viz. diatoms, foraminiferans polychaetes, molluscs, crustaceans and detritus consisting of unidentifiable decaying matter along with sand and mud. The species does not show a preference for any particular food item. There is no significant difference in the food habits among the various size groups observed in the prawn. Monthwise feeding intensity for males and females shows males with empty stomach to be prevalent in most months

Performance Comparison of Different Load Balancing Algorithms in Cloud Computing

Cloud computing offers economical, scalable, and instantaneous computing resources to enterprises, allowing them to manage substantial traffic volumes and cater to a multitude of users. But the need for effective load balancing techniques has grown significantly as cloud computing becomes more and more popular. To guarantee the best possible performance, availability, and dependability of apps and services, load balancing is a crucial component of cloud computing. This paper offers a comparative study of different cloud computing technologies and load balancing strategies. We present a performance comparison of software-based load balancing; our analysis compares various service broker policies, such as closest distance, optimized, and reconfigurable, with algorithms such as round robin, throttled, and equally spread. Overall, this paper helps readers understand load balancing mechanisms in cloud computing

Bumper catch of silver pomfret Pampus argenteus at Satpati, Bombay

The article provies details about heavy catches of silver pomfret Pampus argenteus within a span of four days at Satpati, a fishing village in Thane District in Maharashtra during 1987

Carrier Transport in High Mobility InAs Nanowire Junctionless Transistors

Ability to understand and model the performance limits of nanowire transistors is the key to design of next generation devices. Here, we report studies on high-mobility junction-less gate-all-around nanowire field effect transistor with carrier mobility reaching 2000 cm2/V.s at room temperature. Temperature-dependent transport measurements reveal activated transport at low temperatures due to surface donors, while at room temperature the transport shows a diffusive behavior. From the conductivity data, the extracted value of sound velocity in InAs nanowires is found to be an order less than the bulk. This low sound velocity is attributed to the extended crystal defects that ubiquitously appear in these nanowires. Analyzing the temperature-dependent mobility data, we identify the key scattering mechanisms limiting the carrier transport in these nanowires. Finally, using these scattering models, we perform drift-diffusion based transport simulations of a nanowire field-effect transistor and compare the device performances with experimental measurements. Our device modeling provides insight into performance limits of InAs nanowire transistors and can be used as a predictive methodology for nanowire-based integrated circuits.Comment: 22 pages, 5 Figures, Nano Letter

Counterfactual Explanation Policies in RL

As Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents are increasingly employed in diverse decision-making problems using reward preferences, it becomes important to ensure that policies learned by these frameworks in mapping observations to a probability distribution of the possible actions are explainable. However, there is little to no work in the systematic understanding of these complex policies in a contrastive manner, i.e., what minimal changes to the policy would improve/worsen its performance to a desired level. In this work, we present COUNTERPOL, the first framework to analyze RL policies using counterfactual explanations in the form of minimal changes to the policy that lead to the desired outcome. We do so by incorporating counterfactuals in supervised learning in RL with the target outcome regulated using desired return. We establish a theoretical connection between Counterpol and widely used trust region-based policy optimization methods in RL. Extensive empirical analysis shows the efficacy of COUNTERPOL in generating explanations for (un)learning skills while keeping close to the original policy. Our results on five different RL environments with diverse state and action spaces demonstrate the utility of counterfactual explanations, paving the way for new frontiers in designing and developing counterfactual policies.Comment: ICML Workshop on Counterfactuals in Minds and Machines, 202

Estimation of mortality rates, exploitation rates and ratios of Lepturacanthus savala (Cuvier) and Eupleurogrammus muticus (Gray)

The contribution of ribonfish to the total fish catch in the world has gone up from 1.1% in 1990 to 1.8% in 1998. However, ever since the pressure has increased in the coastal waters, the catches have started showing signs of decline. The same is also reflected in two species, Lepturacanthus savala and Eupleurogrammus muticus recorded from the dol net in Mumbai waters. In the present investigation the mortality rates and ratios of two species of ribbonfish are recorded. The pooled total, natural and fishing mortality of the former species is 4.15, 1.30, and 2.86 respectively whereas that of the latter species is 4.31, 1.15 and 3.16 respectively. The pooled exploitation ratio (E) and exploitation rate (U) of L. savala and E. muticus were 0.68 & 0.66 and 0.73 & 0.72 respectively. Though for both the species the E is well beyond the optimum E of 0.5, for E.muticus it is very much on the higher side. Thus, a reduction in the fishing effort is required to prevent future damage to the stock