PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY METABOLITES OF ACACIA ARABICA BARK

The study includes phytochemical screening and quantification of primary and secondary metabolites like chlorophyll, carbohydrates, protein, lipids, phenol, tannin and flavonoids from Acacia arabica bark. For these purpose aqueous extract of bark was prepared by Soxhlet extraction methodâ€. The result of these study suggests that the Acacia arabica bark in which presence of primary and secondary metabolites

PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF INCISIONAL HERNIA: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

Infection at the surgical site, which leads to the development of excessive tension causing inadequate healing is the most common cause of incisional hernia. Objective: To find out risk factors associated with incisional hernia and its prevalence. Method: A general proforma was prepared for studying each case in detail and underwent routine blood, radiology investigations. A detailed enquiry was made regarding the demographic profile, history of previous operations, its nature and postoperative period. Onset and progress of the hernia were noted. Result: During the study period total operated cases were 921. From that 50 cases of incisional were reported during the follow-up. Out of fifty cases 12 (24%) were male, and 38 (76%) were female. Ratio of male to female is 1:3.2. The difference was found to be significantly significant (p<0.05). Maximum cases were distributed between the age group of 41-50 (32%). Overall highest prevalence of incisional hernia was noted with perforation peritonitis operation, and female it was noted with LSCS operation commonest incision was midline (76 %) which lead to incisional hernia. Conclusion: The prevalence rate of incisional hernia was 5.42%. Overall highest prevalence of incisional hernia was noted with perforation peritonitis operation, and female it was noted with LSCS operation. 76% cases of incisional hernia associated with midline incision

PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF INCISIONAL HERNIA: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

Infection at the surgical site, which leads to the development of excessive tension causing inadequate healing is the most common cause of incisional hernia. Objective: To find out risk factors associated with incisional hernia and its prevalence. Method: A general proforma was prepared for studying each case in detail and underwent routine blood, radiology investigations. A detailed enquiry was made regarding the demographic profile, history of previous operations, its nature and postoperative period. Onset and progress of the hernia were noted. Result: During the study period total operated cases were 921. From that 50 cases of incisional were reported during the follow-up. Out of fifty cases 12 (24%) were male, and 38 (76%) were female. Ratio of male to female is 1:3.2. The difference was found to be significantly significant (p<0.05). Maximum cases were distributed between the age group of 41-50 (32%). Overall highest prevalence of incisional hernia was noted with perforation peritonitis operation, and female it was noted with LSCS operation commonest incision was midline (76 %) which lead to incisional hernia. Conclusion: The prevalence rate of incisional hernia was 5.42%. Overall highest prevalence of incisional hernia was noted with perforation peritonitis operation, and female it was noted with LSCS operation. 76% cases of incisional hernia associated with midline incision

FORMULATION ANDCHARACTERIZATION OF OLANZEPINELOADED MUCOADHESIVE MICROSPHERES

Objective: The objective of this research was to formulate and evaluate olanzapine (OLE) mucoadhesive microsphere prepared using carbopol and sodium combination. OLE having extensive hepatic first pass metabolism and low bioavailability problem, determined the need for the development of sustained release formulation.Methods: OLE mucoadhesive microspheres were prepared by ionic gelation method. OLE mucoadhesive microspheres were prepared by ionic gelation method by using calcium chloride as crosslinking agent. The OLE mucoadhesive microsphere was characterized by particle size measurement, process yield, morphology of microsphere, drug entrapment efficiency, mucoadhesion test, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) study and in-vitro drug release.Results: The OLE mucoadhesive microsphere having mean particle size ranged from 546.0 µm to 554.3 µm, and the entrapment efficiencies ranged from 73% to 96%. All the olanzapine (OLE) microsphere batches showed good in-vitro mucoadhesive property ranging from 75.89% to 96.47% and in the in-vitro wash off test ranging from 68.12% to 81.3%. FTIR studies indicated the no drug-polymer interactions in the ideal formulation F9. Therewere no compatibility issues, and the crystallinity of OLE was found to be reduced shoeing less intense peak in prepared mucoadhesive microspheres, which were confirmed by differential scanning calorimeter and X-ray diffraction studies. Among different formulations, the OLE microspheres of batch F9 had shown the optimum percent drug entrapment of microspheres. Release pattern of OLE from F9 microspheres batch followed Higuchi kinetic model. Stability studies were carried out for F9 formulation at 4°C/ambient, 25±2°C/60±5%, 40±2°C/75±5% relative humidity revealed that the drug entrapment, mucoadhesive behavior, and drug release were within permissible limits.Conclusion: The results obtained in this work demonstrate the use of carbopol and sodium alginate polymer for preparation of mucoadhesive microsphere.Keywords: Ionic gelation method, Gastroretentive delivery, Mucoadhesive microsphere, Carbopol

Ependymoma in pregnancy: one suspicion can save a life

Ependymomas arise from ependymal cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the spinal canal. Ependymomas are relatively rare tumors accounting for 2-3% of all primary brain tumors in adults. We present this case of ependymoma to highlight the fact that aggressive management might be keystone in saving mothers life and even after surgical intervention, it is possible that the tumour recurs and may prove fatal. Maternal outcome in primary brain tumours in pregnancy largely depend on histologic grade of primary tumour and gestational age at which they present

Efficacy of sequential sprays of different fungicides against early blight Alternaria solani (Ellis and Martin) in potato Solanum tubrosum L.

Potato is one of the world's fourth most important food crop belongs to family solanaceae. More than one billion peoples consume potatoes and richest source of energy highest dry matter, energy and edible proteins. The field experiments on Efficacy of sequential sprays of different fungicides against early blight Alternaria solani (Ellis and Martin) in potato Solanum tubrosum L. was conducted during kharif season on potato (cv. K. Pukharaj) for consecutive three years. The experiment was laid out in RBD design with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The results revealed that spray of Chlorothalonil 75 WP (0.25%) @ 2.5 gm/ liter of water followed by Hexaconazole 5 EC (0.05%) @ 0.5 ml /liter of water and then Chlorothalonil 75WP (0.25%) @ 2.5 gm/liter of water at 10 days interval was found significantly superior in controlling the early blight on potato The yield differences due to spraying of fungicides were significant and the highest yield (18.10 t/ha) was obtained in same treatment

Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papilloma virus in cervical samples of young married women: a hospital based prospective cross-sectional study

Background: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the cervical samples of young married women at a tertiary care hospital in Chhattisgarh. A prospective cross-sectional observational study was performed in married women, aged 18 to 30 years.Methods: Relevant history was noted and cervical samples were collected and tested for HPV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data was compiled to calculate the prevalence of HPV and the genotypic distribution.Results: The overall prevalence of HPV in this study was 22.73% and that of type 16 and 18 either alone or in combination with other subtypes was 17.26%. They were the commonest subtypes. HPV positivity was inversely related to education levels (Chi square, p=0.05). There was a significant difference in parity of women testing positive for HPV versus those negative for HPV (one tailed Pr (t<t)=0.03, 95% CI=1.445 to 1,865 at 108 degrees of freedom). No difference was observed between education and socio economic levels of positive versus negative women. Type 16 and 18 accounted for 76% of all HPV subtypes detected.Conclusions: The prevalence of HPV infection is high in Indian women. The high risk oncogenic types are the commonest subtypes. There is an urgent need to screen for the presence of high risk HPV infections in younger women so that they may be followed up more closely to prevent cervical cancers

Dydrogesterone usage pattern in India: a knowledge, attitude and practice survey among Indian gynaecologists

Background: There is limited data about the knowledge, perception, and routine clinical usage pattern of dydrogesterone among medical practitioners in India. Therefore, the present survey was undertaken to assess attitudes and perception/practices of obstetrician and gynaecologists towards use of dydrogesterone in the real-life setting.Methods: Total 1168 gynaecologists across India participated in the KAP survey. Sixteen questions which explored indications, dosages, duration, efficacy, tolerability and comparison were asked and results were expressed as percentages.Results: Dydrogesterone has been marketed since the 1960s and has been extensively used worldwide for the treatment of threatened miscarriage (TM) and recurrent miscarriage (RM). Dydrogesterone is approved for hormone replacement therapy (HRT), as well as pregnancy and non-pregnancy-related conditions where there is a progesterone deficiency. In the present survey, dydrogesterone 10 mg twice daily was found to be the most commonly preferred dosage by 823 (73%) gynaecologists. Poor tolerability, compliance and lower efficacy were reported as major limitations of micronized progesterone by 68% of doctors. The average clinical pregnancy rate noted at 12 weeks after Dydrogesterone usage was around 40% by majority of the doctors. However, 30% of doctors noted more than 40% of clinical pregnancy rate after dydrogesterone usage. Almost 35% of doctors reported that the average live birth rate noticed after dydrogesterone usage is around 40%.Conclusions: The present KAP survey highlights that the effectiveness and the tolerability of dydrogesterone is valued by Indian gynaecologists which accounts for its robust clinical utility

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF GLICLAZIDE NANOSPONGES

Objective: The objective of the present study was to develop and characterize an optimal stable nanosponges of Gliclazide (GLZ) by using the emulsion solvent diffusion method and aimed to increase its bioavailability and release the drug in sustained and controlled manner. Methods: The GLZ nanosponge was prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method using different drug-polymer ratios (1:1 to 1:5) Eudragit S100 is used as a polymer. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) estimated the compatibility of GLZ with polymer. All formulations evaluated for production yield, entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and stability studies. Results: The DSC and FTIR Studies revealed that no interaction between drug and polymer. The Production yield of all batches in the range of 73.8±0.30 to 85.6±0.32. Batch F3 showed the highest production yield, the entrapment efficiency of batch F3 70.6±0.77. The average particle size ranges from 303±2.36 to 680±2.50 nm. By the end of 10th hour F3 formulation shown highest drug release was found to be 94.40±1.12%. The release kinetics of the optimized formulation shows zero-order drug release. The stability study indicates no significant change in the in vitro dissolution profile of optimized formulation. Conclusion: The results of various evaluation parameters, revealed that GLZ nanosponges would be possible alternative delivery systems to conventional formulation to improve its bioavailability, the emulsion solvent diffusion method is best method for preparation of nanosponges and release the drug in sustained and controlled manner

Role of Herbal Medicine in Cardiovascular Activities

Herbal medicine has gained substantial attention for its potential role in supporting cardiovascular health. This chapter explores the intricate interplay between herbal compounds and cardiovascular activities, shedding light on their mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications. With a historical backdrop of traditional herbal medicine, the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases serves as a compelling backdrop for the investigation. The chapter delves into the multifaceted mechanisms by which herbal compounds influence the cardiovascular system. Notably, herbs exhibit vasodilatory effects, contributing to blood pressure regulation, and harbor potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that collectively mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation within the cardiovascular milieu. Furthermore, certain herbs intricately modulate lipid metabolism, holding promise in the management of dyslipidemia. A thorough analysis of well-known herbal treatments clarifies each one's unique contributions to cardiovascular health. Hawthorn is revealed to be the champion of heart health, and garlic demonstrates its mastery of cholesterol reduction. Ginkgo Biloba is notable for its capacity to improve circulation, and turmeric demonstrates powerful anti-inflammatory properties. The chapter also looks at herbal medicine's potential as an intervention for regulating fluid balance, arrhythmias, and hypertension. Examined is the potential for resveratrol-rich plants and green tea to protect against heart disease. Along with considerations for safety, interactions, and future study, the symbiotic relationship between stress reduction, adaptogenic herbs, and heart health is also discussed in this article. This chapter concludes with a thorough examination of the crucial part herbal medicine plays in cardiovascular health. The complex interaction between herbal substances and circulatory functions, from mechanisms of action to clinical applications, shows promise for a more integrative and holistic approach to cardiovascular car