65 research outputs found

    Caractérisation cytokinique et en imagerie hybride TEP-IRM de 2 modÚles murins d'inflammation aortique et conséquences thérapeutiques

    No full text
    Giant cell arteritis (GCA) and atherosclerosis are two inflammatory diseases of the aorta that cause significant morbimortality due to limited non-specific curative or preventive therapeutic resources, based essentially on corticosteroids for the former and hygienic-dietary measures and lipid-lowering drugs for the latter. Their pathophysiology is based on the involvement of several blood and/or tissue, muscle or connective tissue cells and their main chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These inflammatory actors appear to be relatively similar in both diseases, but their involvement is logically very different due to their distinct clinical presentation and evolution, in an acute or very chronic mode, respectively. Because of this relative pathogenic community and their similar anatomoradiological and demographic presentation, the improvement of our knowledge of their pathophysiology and, as a corollary, of their therapeutic management requires, from our point of view, their dual evaluation by preclinical immunohisto-radiological confrontation of the aortic involvement, which is common to both diseases, using animal models. This sequential approach corresponds to the hypotheses, the objectives and the methodology derived from this work, respectively. The aim is to test in an unprecedented way in mice, on the one hand, the involvement of the main cytokines involved in human pathogenesis and/or targeted in therapy, and, on the other hand, the feasibility of modern functional imaging methods used in GCA, in order to evaluate the relevance of the mouse models with the respective human diseases.Concerning GCA, we used one of the only available preclinical models of inflammatory aortitis, the IL1rn-/- mouse model. We showed that 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging (PET-MRI) is a relevant noninvasive tool for the assessment of aortic inflammation in vivo, paving the way for longitudinal and especially therapeutic studies. Moreover, our results reinforce the joint role of interleukin-1 and -6, but also suggest a role of the microbiota, particularly the gut microbiota, in the pathophysiology of aortitis in this model. The involvement of interleukin-1 in the pathophysiology of ACG is supported by our series of 6 patients treated with anakinra, an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, which also appears to be effective in large vessel involvement.Concerning atherosclerosis, our results on the comparison of 2 models of acceleration of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice show that the Western diet significantly increases the inflammatory component of atherosclerosis, in contrast to chronic renal failure. Furthermore, 18F-FDG PET-MRI does not appear to be sufficiently sensitive to detect this aortic inflammation. Other radionuclides than 18F-FDG could be interesting to target more specifically the inflammatory component of atherosclerosis.These results demonstrate the relevance of the respective mouse models of GCA aortitis and atherosclerosis with the two human conditions, and will allow preclinical studies of anti-cytokine and/or conventional immunosuppressive treatments in mice, whose evaluation by 18F-FDG PET-MRI for GCA will allow the selection of the most promising therapeutic regimens to be tested in prospective clinical trials in humans. In addition, the prospect of a particular efficacy of anti-interleukin-1 on GCA aortitis would open a first step in personalized medicine. Finally, this work poses prospects for improved standardization of ApoE-/- atherosclerosis mouse models.L’artĂ©rite Ă  cellules gĂ©antes (ACG) et l’athĂ©rosclĂ©rose sont deux maladies aortiques inflammatoires sources d’une importante morbimortalitĂ© du fait de ressources thĂ©rapeutiques curatives ou prĂ©ventives non spĂ©cifiques, limitĂ©es et essentiellement basĂ©es sur la corticothĂ©rapie pour la premiĂšre et les mesures hygiĂ©nodiĂ©tĂ©tiques et les hypolipĂ©miants pour la seconde. Leur physiopathologie repose sur l’implication de nombreuses cellules sanguines et/ou tissulaires, musculaires ou conjonctives et leurs principales chimiokines et cytokines pro-inflammatoires. Ces acteurs inflammatoires apparaissent relativement communs aux deux maladies, mais leur implication y est logiquement trĂšs diffĂ©rente du fait de leur prĂ©sentation clinique et Ă©volutive distincte, respectivement sur un mode aigu ou trĂšs chronique. Du fait de cette relative communautĂ© pathogĂ©nique, de leur prĂ©sentation anatomoradiologique et dĂ©mographique proche, l’amĂ©lioration de la connaissance de leur physiopathologie, et en corollaire, de leur prise en charge thĂ©rapeutique nĂ©cessite, de notre point de vue, leur Ă©valuation duale par confrontation prĂ©clinique immunohisto-radiologique de l’atteinte aortique, qui leur est commune, Ă  l’aide de modĂšles animaux. Cette dĂ©marche sĂ©quentielle correspond respectivement aux hypothĂšses, aux objectifs et Ă  la mĂ©thodologie dĂ©rivĂ©e de ce travail. Il s’agira de tester de maniĂšre inĂ©dite chez la souris, d’une part l’implication prioritaire des cytokines impliquĂ©es en pathogĂ©nie humaine et/ou ciblĂ©es en thĂ©rapeutique, et, d’autre part la faisabilitĂ© des mĂ©thodes modernes d’imagerie fonctionnelle utilisĂ©es dans l’ACG, afin d’évaluer la pertinence des modĂšles murins avec les maladies humaines respectives.Concernant l’ACG, nous avons utilisĂ© l’un des seuls modĂšles prĂ©cliniques d’aortite inflammatoire disponibles, le modĂšle murin IL1rn-/-. Nous avons montrĂ© que la tomographie par Ă©mission de positons-imagerie par rĂ©sonance magnĂ©tique (TEP-IRM) au 18F-fluorodĂ©soxyglucose (FDG) est un outil non invasif pertinent pour l’évaluation de l’inflammation aortique in vivo, ouvrant la voie Ă  des Ă©tudes longitudinales et notamment thĂ©rapeutiques. De plus, nos rĂ©sultats renforcent le rĂŽle conjoint de l’interleukine-1 et -6, mais aussi suggĂšrent un rĂŽle du microbiote, notamment intestinal, dans la physiopathologie de l’aortite dans ce modĂšle. L’implication de l’interleukine-1 dans la physiopathologie de l’ACG est confortĂ©e par notre sĂ©rie de 6 patients atteints d’ACG rĂ©fractaire traitĂ©s par anakinra, un antagoniste du rĂ©cepteur de l’interleukine-1, qui semble aussi efficace sur l’atteinte des gros vaisseaux.Concernant l’athĂ©rosclĂ©rose, nos rĂ©sultats sur la comparaison de 2 modĂšles d’accĂ©lĂ©ration de ce processus chez la souris ApoE-/- montrent que l’alimentation par rĂ©gime occidental permet d’augmenter significativement la composante inflammatoire de l’athĂ©rosclĂ©rose, au contraire de l’insuffisance rĂ©nale chronique. De plus, la TEP-IRM au 18F-FDG ne semble pas ĂȘtre suffisamment sensible pour dĂ©tecter cette inflammation aortique. D’autres radionuclĂ©ides que le 18F-FDG pourraient ĂȘtre intĂ©ressants pour cibler de façon plus spĂ©cifique la composante inflammatoire de l’athĂ©rosclĂ©rose.Ces rĂ©sultats dĂ©montrent la pertinence des modĂšles murins respectifs d’aortite d’ACG et d’athĂ©rosclĂ©rose avec les deux affections humaines, et permettront des travaux prĂ©cliniques de traitements anti-cytokiniques et/ou immunosuppresseurs conventionnels chez la souris, dont l’évaluation par TEP-IRM au 18F-FDG pour l’ACG permettra de sĂ©lectionner les rĂ©gimes thĂ©rapeutiques les plus prometteurs Ă  tester en essais cliniques prospectifs chez l’Homme. En outre, la perspective d’une particuliĂšre efficacitĂ© de l’anti-interleukine-1 sur les aortites de l’ACG ouvrirait une premiĂšre Ă©tape de mĂ©decine personnalisĂ©e. Enfin, ce travail pose des perspectives d’amĂ©lioration de la standardisation des modĂšles murins d’athĂ©rosclĂ©rose ApoE-/-

    CytÎżkinic and PET-MR hybrid imaging characterization of 2 mouse models of aortic inflammation and therapeutic consequences

    No full text
    L’artĂ©rite Ă  cellules gĂ©antes (ACG) et l’athĂ©rosclĂ©rose sont deux maladies aortiques inflammatoires sources d’une importante morbimortalitĂ© du fait de ressources thĂ©rapeutiques curatives ou prĂ©ventives non spĂ©cifiques, limitĂ©es et essentiellement basĂ©es sur la corticothĂ©rapie pour la premiĂšre et les mesures hygiĂ©nodiĂ©tĂ©tiques et les hypolipĂ©miants pour la seconde. Leur physiopathologie repose sur l’implication de nombreuses cellules sanguines et/ou tissulaires, musculaires ou conjonctives et leurs principales chimiokines et cytokines pro-inflammatoires. Ces acteurs inflammatoires apparaissent relativement communs aux deux maladies, mais leur implication y est logiquement trĂšs diffĂ©rente du fait de leur prĂ©sentation clinique et Ă©volutive distincte, respectivement sur un mode aigu ou trĂšs chronique. Du fait de cette relative communautĂ© pathogĂ©nique, de leur prĂ©sentation anatomoradiologique et dĂ©mographique proche, l’amĂ©lioration de la connaissance de leur physiopathologie, et en corollaire, de leur prise en charge thĂ©rapeutique nĂ©cessite, de notre point de vue, leur Ă©valuation duale par confrontation prĂ©clinique immunohisto-radiologique de l’atteinte aortique, qui leur est commune, Ă  l’aide de modĂšles animaux. Cette dĂ©marche sĂ©quentielle correspond respectivement aux hypothĂšses, aux objectifs et Ă  la mĂ©thodologie dĂ©rivĂ©e de ce travail. Il s’agira de tester de maniĂšre inĂ©dite chez la souris, d’une part l’implication prioritaire des cytokines impliquĂ©es en pathogĂ©nie humaine et/ou ciblĂ©es en thĂ©rapeutique, et, d’autre part la faisabilitĂ© des mĂ©thodes modernes d’imagerie fonctionnelle utilisĂ©es dans l’ACG, afin d’évaluer la pertinence des modĂšles murins avec les maladies humaines respectives.Concernant l’ACG, nous avons utilisĂ© l’un des seuls modĂšles prĂ©cliniques d’aortite inflammatoire disponibles, le modĂšle murin IL1rn-/-. Nous avons montrĂ© que la tomographie par Ă©mission de positons-imagerie par rĂ©sonance magnĂ©tique (TEP-IRM) au 18F-fluorodĂ©soxyglucose (FDG) est un outil non invasif pertinent pour l’évaluation de l’inflammation aortique in vivo, ouvrant la voie Ă  des Ă©tudes longitudinales et notamment thĂ©rapeutiques. De plus, nos rĂ©sultats renforcent le rĂŽle conjoint de l’interleukine-1 et -6, mais aussi suggĂšrent un rĂŽle du microbiote, notamment intestinal, dans la physiopathologie de l’aortite dans ce modĂšle. L’implication de l’interleukine-1 dans la physiopathologie de l’ACG est confortĂ©e par notre sĂ©rie de 6 patients atteints d’ACG rĂ©fractaire traitĂ©s par anakinra, un antagoniste du rĂ©cepteur de l’interleukine-1, qui semble aussi efficace sur l’atteinte des gros vaisseaux.Concernant l’athĂ©rosclĂ©rose, nos rĂ©sultats sur la comparaison de 2 modĂšles d’accĂ©lĂ©ration de ce processus chez la souris ApoE-/- montrent que l’alimentation par rĂ©gime occidental permet d’augmenter significativement la composante inflammatoire de l’athĂ©rosclĂ©rose, au contraire de l’insuffisance rĂ©nale chronique. De plus, la TEP-IRM au 18F-FDG ne semble pas ĂȘtre suffisamment sensible pour dĂ©tecter cette inflammation aortique. D’autres radionuclĂ©ides que le 18F-FDG pourraient ĂȘtre intĂ©ressants pour cibler de façon plus spĂ©cifique la composante inflammatoire de l’athĂ©rosclĂ©rose.Ces rĂ©sultats dĂ©montrent la pertinence des modĂšles murins respectifs d’aortite d’ACG et d’athĂ©rosclĂ©rose avec les deux affections humaines, et permettront des travaux prĂ©cliniques de traitements anti-cytokiniques et/ou immunosuppresseurs conventionnels chez la souris, dont l’évaluation par TEP-IRM au 18F-FDG pour l’ACG permettra de sĂ©lectionner les rĂ©gimes thĂ©rapeutiques les plus prometteurs Ă  tester en essais cliniques prospectifs chez l’Homme. En outre, la perspective d’une particuliĂšre efficacitĂ© de l’anti-interleukine-1 sur les aortites de l’ACG ouvrirait une premiĂšre Ă©tape de mĂ©decine personnalisĂ©e. Enfin, ce travail pose des perspectives d’amĂ©lioration de la standardisation des modĂšles murins d’athĂ©rosclĂ©rose ApoE-/-.Giant cell arteritis (GCA) and atherosclerosis are two inflammatory diseases of the aorta that cause significant morbimortality due to limited non-specific curative or preventive therapeutic resources, based essentially on corticosteroids for the former and hygienic-dietary measures and lipid-lowering drugs for the latter. Their pathophysiology is based on the involvement of several blood and/or tissue, muscle or connective tissue cells and their main chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These inflammatory actors appear to be relatively similar in both diseases, but their involvement is logically very different due to their distinct clinical presentation and evolution, in an acute or very chronic mode, respectively. Because of this relative pathogenic community and their similar anatomoradiological and demographic presentation, the improvement of our knowledge of their pathophysiology and, as a corollary, of their therapeutic management requires, from our point of view, their dual evaluation by preclinical immunohisto-radiological confrontation of the aortic involvement, which is common to both diseases, using animal models. This sequential approach corresponds to the hypotheses, the objectives and the methodology derived from this work, respectively. The aim is to test in an unprecedented way in mice, on the one hand, the involvement of the main cytokines involved in human pathogenesis and/or targeted in therapy, and, on the other hand, the feasibility of modern functional imaging methods used in GCA, in order to evaluate the relevance of the mouse models with the respective human diseases.Concerning GCA, we used one of the only available preclinical models of inflammatory aortitis, the IL1rn-/- mouse model. We showed that 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging (PET-MRI) is a relevant noninvasive tool for the assessment of aortic inflammation in vivo, paving the way for longitudinal and especially therapeutic studies. Moreover, our results reinforce the joint role of interleukin-1 and -6, but also suggest a role of the microbiota, particularly the gut microbiota, in the pathophysiology of aortitis in this model. The involvement of interleukin-1 in the pathophysiology of ACG is supported by our series of 6 patients treated with anakinra, an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, which also appears to be effective in large vessel involvement.Concerning atherosclerosis, our results on the comparison of 2 models of acceleration of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice show that the Western diet significantly increases the inflammatory component of atherosclerosis, in contrast to chronic renal failure. Furthermore, 18F-FDG PET-MRI does not appear to be sufficiently sensitive to detect this aortic inflammation. Other radionuclides than 18F-FDG could be interesting to target more specifically the inflammatory component of atherosclerosis.These results demonstrate the relevance of the respective mouse models of GCA aortitis and atherosclerosis with the two human conditions, and will allow preclinical studies of anti-cytokine and/or conventional immunosuppressive treatments in mice, whose evaluation by 18F-FDG PET-MRI for GCA will allow the selection of the most promising therapeutic regimens to be tested in prospective clinical trials in humans. In addition, the prospect of a particular efficacy of anti-interleukin-1 on GCA aortitis would open a first step in personalized medicine. Finally, this work poses prospects for improved standardization of ApoE-/- atherosclerosis mouse models

    Multiple drugs

    No full text

    Second-line and beyond: treatment options for primary persistent and chronic immune thrombocytopenia

    No full text
    Less than 40% of patients with newly diagnosed adult immune thrombocytopenia will show spontaneous recovery within 12 months. Therefore, second-line treatments are frequently used to maintain a hemostatic platelet count or at best to cure the disease, with as few adverse effects as possible. Nevertheless, we lack head-to-head comparison studies of the different available treatments. Moreover, physicians have no robust predictors of response to guide decision-making on an individual basis. Therefore, there is no consensus, and decisions when to treat and with which drug must be individualized and shared with the patient based on factors related to the patient and the available second-line treatments. The main treatments used, based on their good benefit–risk ratio, are splenectomy, rituximab, and thrombopoietin-receptor agonists, but their prescription should be avoided in some situations and can be limited due to cost or to health authorities’ restrictions on funding the last two drugs. This review presents the various second-line treatments used in primary persistent or chronic immune thrombocytopenia in adults and discusses their prescription in general and specific situations

    Mapping Natural Habitats Using Remote Sensing and Sparse Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis. GI_Forum 2013 – Creating the GISociety|

    No full text
    In this paper, we tested a relatively new version of the Partial Least Square (PLS) method called the Sparse Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (SPLSDA). This improved method performs variable selection and classification in a one-step procedure and has been successfully applied in the field of bioinformatics (LÊ CAO et al. 2011). We are applying the method on remote sensing data for the classification of natural and semi-natural habitats in a Natura 2000 site located in Southern France. The work has been performed in the framework of the MS.MONINA FP7 project which is using the potential of GMES for the development of a multi-scale mapping service aimed at monitoring European protected habitats and species at the local, regional and continental scales

    Assessment of Rhoméo Actions, Irstea UMR TETIS

    No full text
    This document is a report that makes synthetic account of actions made in 2011-2012 Irstea (UMR TETIS) under Rhomeo project. The work was carried out aimed to help address key questions around the axis B. One on the state of the environment and other turned on the pressures on wetlands.Ce document est un rapport qui rend de compte de maniĂšre synthĂ©tique des actions menĂ©es en 2011-2012 par Irstea (UMR TETIS) dans le cadre du projet Rhomeo. Les travaux qui ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©s avaient pour objectif de contribuer Ă  rĂ©pondre Ă  certaines grandes questions posĂ©es autour de l’Axe B. Les unes portant sur l’état des milieux et les autres tournĂ©s sur les pressions qui s’exercent sur les milieux humides

    Capacités et limites de la télédétection pour la cartographie des habitats naturels : revue de littérature

    No full text
    Remote sensing tools can contribute to a better understanding of the diversity of natural and semi-naturals habitats, their spatial distribution and their conservation status. These elements are part of the European obligations imposed by the habitats directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora). Several European projects (MS. MONINA, SPIN, Habistat, etc.) and a large number of scientific studies have addressed the issue of mapping European natural habitats via remote sensing and then deriving indicators on their conservation status (a total of 337 references). The plenty of varying remote sensing sensors used in these studies and the panoply of methods developed for data analysis impede the understanding of what is possibly achievable with the current remote sensing technologies. The aim of this document is to provide a technical synthesis on what is currently feasible in terms of detection of natural and semi-natural habitats and the assessment of their conservation status. The purpose is to uncover the potential of remote sensing coupled with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for understanding the distribution of habitats in Europe. The term ‘remote sensing’ is used here to indicate the more advanced, computer-assisted analytical tools for information extraction from satellite or airborne imagery. Thus, we speciïŹcally exclude the purely visual interpretation of aerial photographs or other (analogue or digital) images. Given the large number of habitats of community interest listed in Annex 1 of the habitats directive, only broad habitat categories are addressed in this synthesis, namely forests, grasslands, heathland and wetlands. The document is structured into 5 chapters: ‱Chapter 1 gives a synopsis of European broad habitat categories with some supporting numbers and facts on their total coverage and their conservation status. ‱Chapter 2 provides basic concepts on remote sensing sensors and the main types of image processing methods used for the extraction of information from remote sensing data. This chapter also defines the main characteristics of remote sensing that are relevant for studying natural and semi-natural habitats and that must be selected at an early stage before conducting an analysis based on remote sensing data. ‱Chapter 3 includes an overview of the main methodological frameworks for information extraction from remote sensing data. ‱Chapter 4 is the core chapter of this document where each category of broad habitat is analyzed in terms of parameters that can be derived as a function of the remote sensing sensor and the classification method. ‱Chapter 5 concludes this document with a list of recommendations derived from the previous chapters on the exploitation of remote sensing data for the analysis of natural and semi-natural habitats. The recommendations are made for input data requirements (remote sensing and in-situ data) and on the best practices for a more effective use of remote sensing in the monitoring of habitats and protected areas

    Mapping Natural Habitats Using Remote Sensing and Sparse Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis. GI_Forum 2013 – Creating the GISociety|

    No full text
    In this paper, we tested a relatively new version of the Partial Least Square (PLS) method called the Sparse Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (SPLSDA). This improved method performs variable selection and classification in a one-step procedure and has been successfully applied in the field of bioinformatics (LÊ CAO et al. 2011). We are applying the method on remote sensing data for the classification of natural and semi-natural habitats in a Natura 2000 site located in Southern France. The work has been performed in the framework of the MS.MONINA FP7 project which is using the potential of GMES for the development of a multi-scale mapping service aimed at monitoring European protected habitats and species at the local, regional and continental scales

    Capacités et limites de la télédétection pour cartographier les habitats naturels

    No full text
    Ce document constitue une synthĂšse bibliographique portant sur l'utilisation de la tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection afin de cartographier la diversitĂ© de la vĂ©gĂ©tation et distribution spatiale des habitats naturels et semi-naturels. L'hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des capteurs de tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection utilisĂ©s dans ces Ă©tudes et la panoplie des mĂ©thodes dĂ©veloppĂ©es pour l'analyse des donnĂ©es font parfois obstacle Ă  la comprĂ©hension de ce qui peut ĂȘtre rĂ©alisable avec les outils actuels de tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection. Le but de ce document est de fournir une synthĂšse technique sur ce qui est actuellement envisageable en termes de dĂ©tection d’habitats et d’évaluation de leur Ă©tat de conservation

    CARHAB – Q2 : appui mĂ©thodologique Ă  la cartographie des vĂ©gĂ©tations naturelles et semi-naturelles des milieux ouverts de basse altitude

    No full text
    Suite au comitĂ© de pilotage de la convention DEB-Irstea 2013-2015 du 04 juillet 2013, ce document a pour objectif de faire le bilan des actions menĂ©es par l’UMR TETIS pour le projet Carhab depuis 2012 et jusqu’au 30 juillet 2013
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