Corrigendum: Translating planetary health principles into sustainable primary care services.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.931212.]

Caterpillars and fungal pathogens: two co-occurring parasites of an ant-plant mutualism

In mutualisms, each interacting species obtains resources from its partner that it would obtain less efficiently if alone, and so derives a net fitness benefit. In exchange for shelter (domatia) and food, mutualistic plant-ants protect their host myrmecophytes from herbivores, encroaching vines and fungal pathogens. Although selective filters enable myrmecophytes to host those ant species most favorable to their fitness, some insects can by-pass these filters, exploiting the rewards supplied whilst providing nothing in return. This is the case in French Guiana for Cecropia obtusa (Cecropiaceae) as Pseudocabima guianalis caterpillars (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) can colonize saplings before the installation of their mutualistic Azteca ants. The caterpillars shelter in the domatia and feed on food bodies (FBs) whose production increases as a result. They delay colonization by ants by weaving a silk shield above the youngest trichilium, where the FBs are produced, blocking access to them. This probable temporal priority effect also allows female moths to lay new eggs on trees that already shelter caterpillars, and so to occupy the niche longer and exploit Cecropia resources before colonization by ants. However, once incipient ant colonies are able to develop, they prevent further colonization by the caterpillars. Although no higher herbivory rates were noted, these caterpillars are ineffective in protecting their host trees from a pathogenic fungus, Fusarium moniliforme (Deuteromycetes), that develops on the trichilium in the absence of mutualistic ants. Therefore, the Cecropia treelets can be parasitized by two often overlooked species: the caterpillars that shelter in the domatia and feed on FBs, delaying colonization by mutualistic ants, and the fungal pathogen that develops on old trichilia. The cost of greater FB production plus the presence of the pathogenic fungus likely affect tree growth

Divergent Chemical Cues Elicit Seed Collecting by Ants in an Obligate Multi-Species Mutualism in Lowland Amazonia

In lowland Amazonian rainforests, specific ants collect seeds of several plant species and cultivate them in arboreal carton nests, forming species-specific symbioses called ant-gardens (AGs). In this obligate mutualism, ants depend on the plants for nest stability and the plants depend on ant nests for substrate and nutrients. AG ants and plants are abundant, dominant members of lowland Amazonian ecosystems, but the cues ants use to recognize the seeds are poorly understood. To address the chemical basis of the ant-seed interaction, we surveyed seed chemistry in nine AG species and eight non-AG congeners. We detected seven phenolic and terpenoid volatiles common to seeds of all or most of the AG species, but a blend of the shared compounds was not attractive to the AG ant Camponotus femoratus. We also analyzed seeds of three AG species (Anthurium gracile, Codonanthe uleana, and Peperomia macrostachya) using behavior-guided fractionation. At least one chromatographic fraction of each seed extract elicited retrieval behavior in C. femoratus, but the active fractions of the three plant species differed in polarity and chemical composition, indicating that shared compounds alone did not explain seed-carrying behavior. We suggest that the various AG seed species must elicit seed-carrying with different chemical cues

Migrants’ and refugees’ health: towards an agenda of solutions

Abstract Despite the greatly increased numbers of migrants and refugees worldwide in recent years, insufficient attention has been paid to addressing their health needs. While a variety of international instruments assert the right to health, in practice, migrants and refugees—especially those awaiting clarification of their status, such as asylum seekers and those without documentation—often fall in cracks between service providers and humanitarian relief programmes at national and regional levels. This report provides a summary of the current state of knowledge regarding the health issues of migrants and refugees and of the extent to which they are being met. It highlights, through a series of case studies, the diverse approaches to policies, entitlements and services provided in different jurisdictions, ranging from regional (Europe) and country (Germany, Iran, Italy, Turkey, South Africa) levels to provinces and cities (Quebec/Montreal, Berlin). These provide evidence of successes and challenges and highlight areas requiring further effort, including in the domains of policy, service design and delivery, education and training, research and communication. They also underscore the challenges of highly neglected aspects such as mental health and the critical importance of developing cultural/transnational competence in the health professional individuals and institutions working with migrants and refugees. Results from discussions taking place in an M8 Alliance Expert Group Meeting (Rome, 23–24 June 2017) and from the literature are synthesised to develop an ‘agenda of solutions’. This agenda aims to provide a comprehensive framework, which bridges humanitarian, ethical and rights-based imperatives to provide a framework for action to tackle this crucial area

Transformative climate action in cities

A critical, but understudied, issue of concern is how climate change will affect migrant populations living in cities (including refugees and internally displaced people), and how local governance and actions to combat the effects of climate change will address migrants’ vulnerability and support their inclusion in cities

Integration von Klimawandel und Gesundheitsthemen in den medizinischen Lehrplan - eine quantitative Bedarfsanalyse unter Medizinstudierenden an der Universität Heidelberg

Objectives: Climate change (CC) is of major importance for physicians as they are directly confronted with changing disease patterns, work in a greenhouse gas intensive sector and can be potential advocates for healthy people on a healthy planet. Methods: We assessed third to fifth year medical students' needs to support the integration of CC topics into medical curricula. A questionnaire with 54 single choice-based items was newly designed with the following sections: role perception, knowledge test, learning needs, preference of educational strategies and demographic characteristics. It was administered online to students at Heidelberg medical faculty. Data sets were used for descriptive statistics and regression modelling. Results: 72.4% of students (N=170, 56.2% female, 76% aged 20-24 years) (strongly) agreed that physicians carry a responsibility to address CC in their work setting while only 4.7% (strongly) agreed that their current medical training had given them enough skills to do so. Knowledge was high in the area of CC, health impacts of CC, vulnerabilities and adaptation (70.1% correct answers). Knowledge gaps were greatest for health co-benefits and climate-friendly healthcare (55.5% and 16.7% of correct answers, respectively). 79.4% wanted to see CC and health included in the medical curriculum with a preference for integration into existing mandatory courses. A multilinear regression model with factors age, gender, semester, aspired work setting, political leaning, role perception and knowledge explained 45.9% of variance for learning needs. Conclusion: The presented results encourage the integration of CC and health topics including health co-benefits and climate-friendly healthcare, as well as respective professional role development into existing mandatory courses of the medical curriculum.Zielsetzungen: Der Klimawandel ist für Ärzt*innen von großer Bedeutung, da sie mit sich verändernden Krankheitsbildern konfrontiert sind, in einem treibhausgasintensiven Sektor arbeiten und potenzielle Fürsprecher für gesunde Menschen auf einem gesunden Planeten sind. Methoden: Wir untersuchten die Lernbedürfnisse der Medizinstudierenden im dritten bis fünften Studienjahr im Bezug auf die Integration von Klimawandel und Gesundheits-Themen in die medizinischen Lehrpläne. Es wurde ein neuer Fragebogen mit 54 Items entwickelt. Dieser enthält die folgenden Abschnitte: Rollenwahrnehmung, Wissen, Lernbedürfnisse, Präferenz von Lernstrategien und demografische Merkmale. Der Fragebogen wurde online an Studierende der Medizinischen Fakultät Heidelberg verschickt. Die Datensätze wurden mittels deskriptiver Statistik und Regressionsanalyse ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: 72,4% der Studierenden (n=170, 56,2% weiblich, 76% im Alter von 20-24 Jahren) stimmten (stark) zu, dass Ärzt*innen Verantwortung dafür tragen, den Klimawandel in ihrem Arbeitsumfeld zu adressieren. Nur 4,7% stimmten (stark) zu, dass in ihrer bisherigen medizinischen Ausbildung genügend Fähigkeiten und Wissen vermittelt wurden, um dies zu tun. Der Wissensstand war in den Bereichen Klimawandel, gesundheitliche Auswirkungen, Vulnerabilität und Anpassung hoch (70,1% richtige Antworten). Die größten Wissenslücken gab es bei den gesundheitlichen Zusatznutzen ("Health Co-Benefits") und der nachhaltigen Gesundheitsversorgung (55,5% bzw. 16,7% richtige Antworten). 79,4% der Befragten wünschten sich, dass die Themen im Bereich Klimawandel und Gesundheit in das medizinische Curriculum aufgenommen werden ("Lernbedürfnis"), wobei sie eine Integration in bestehende Pflichtkurse bevorzugten. Ein multiples lineares Regressionsmodell mit den Faktoren Alter, Geschlecht, Semester, angestrebtes Arbeitsumfeld, politische Orientierung, Rollenwahrnehmung und Wissen erklärte 45,9% der Varianz des Lernbedürfnisses. Schlussfolgerung: Die vorgestellten Ergebnisse ermutigen dazu, Themen zu Klimawandel und Gesundheit, in bestehende Pflichtkurse des medizinischen Curriculums zu integrieren. Dabei sollten auch gesundheitliche Co-Benefits, eine klimafreundliche Gesundheitsversorgung und die Entwicklung eines entsprechenden ärztlichen Rollenverständnisses berücksichtigt werden