Review of \u3ci\u3eZebulon Pike, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West\u3c/i\u3e Edited by Matthew L. Harris and Jay H. Buckley.

During the 200th anniversary commemoration of the Louisiana Purchase, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and their achievements in exploration and cartography of the northern reaches of the territory were much celebrated with books, articles, and conferences as well as coins, medals, and postage stamps. Zebulon Montgomery Pike’s similar investigation and mapping of the southern parts of the region were marked appreciably less. Why? Were his accomplishments any less than those of Lewis and Clark? Was it that he got “lost” and was captured by the Spanish, who had earlier failed to intercept Lewis and Clark? Or was it because he was sent to spy against the Spanish for the United States or associated with former Vice President Aaron Burr and Louisiana Governor General James Wilkinson, who hoped to carve out a country of their own in the American Southwest? After his death as a general during the War of 1812, Pike was equally esteemed with Lewis and Clark throughout the nineteenth century, but in the twentieth he drifted into more relative obscurity. And the reasons are yet unclear

Review of \u3ci\u3eZebulon Pike, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West\u3c/i\u3e Edited by Matthew L. Harris and Jay H. Buckley.

During the 200th anniversary commemoration of the Louisiana Purchase, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and their achievements in exploration and cartography of the northern reaches of the territory were much celebrated with books, articles, and conferences as well as coins, medals, and postage stamps. Zebulon Montgomery Pike’s similar investigation and mapping of the southern parts of the region were marked appreciably less. Why? Were his accomplishments any less than those of Lewis and Clark? Was it that he got “lost” and was captured by the Spanish, who had earlier failed to intercept Lewis and Clark? Or was it because he was sent to spy against the Spanish for the United States or associated with former Vice President Aaron Burr and Louisiana Governor General James Wilkinson, who hoped to carve out a country of their own in the American Southwest? After his death as a general during the War of 1812, Pike was equally esteemed with Lewis and Clark throughout the nineteenth century, but in the twentieth he drifted into more relative obscurity. And the reasons are yet unclear

Two manuscript maps of Nuevo Santander in Northern new Spain from the eighteenth century

IN the eighteenth century, through the occupation of Texas and Alta California and for a time parts of Louisiana and even the western side of Vancouver Island on Nootka Sound, the Spanish Empire in North America and with it Spain's imperial expansion globally attained its greatest geographical extent. After a brief five-year occupation, the deliberate abandonment of Vancouver Island in 1795, largely as a result of compelling British finesse, initiated the retreat of the Spanish Empire that was soon to be dynamically accelerated by the revolutions and independence of the new Latin American states from Terra del Fuego to northern California and the Pecos and the Red Rivers in 1808-24. Nevertheless, the earlier advance of the frontier of New Spain further to the north and northeast was of particular and lasting importance. The Spanish-Mexican era still accounts for over half of the history of European presence in Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and California, and its heritage continues to be a vital part of the cultural identity and diversity of the North American Greater Southwest

Domestic spaces

This chapter discusses Jewish domestic space in Egypt, Syria, Judaea, Asia Minor, and Italy from the third century BCE to the end of the second century CE using material and literary evidence. Domestic spaces vary along geographical but especially socio‐economic lines. Wealthy households lived in large mansions while poor families crammed into small rooms in high‐rise buildings. Elite and non‐elite domestic spaces doubled as areas for work and business. A persistent difficulty is identifying markers of religious or cultural identity in domestic architecture that might distinguish Jewish and non‐Jewish homes; for the most part, Jewish homes have more in common with other homes of similar status than with co‐religionists of different status. Jews lived in the same kind of homes as their non‐Jewish neighbors