The calculation of the campaign of reactor RITM200

In this paper, the campaign of RITM-200 reactor was calculated. The duration of the campaign was determined taking the net capacity factor into consideration. The calculated duration concurred with the known data. The neutron parameters were calculated using the effective temperature method. The presence of burnable absorber rods was taken into account. Their effect was considered using the diffusional approach. The iterative computations were used to finally determine the temperature of the neutron gas. At the end, the reactivity curve displaying different effects inside fuel, namely fuel and gadolinium burn-out, the poisoning and slagging was drawn

Reflections of Russian dialect geography in Djorža Karelian

Can we pinpoint an Eastern Finnic dialect on the map, based exclusively on the Russian influence in its phonology and grammar? How precisely do differences between Russian (sub-)dialects manifest themselves in Eastern Finnic? Due to its unique location, far from its relatives, and its contacts with different Russian dialects, Djorža Karelian is a promising tool for answering these questions. We explore the distribution of three phonological features in Djorža Karelian vocabulary borrowed from Russian; all of them correspond to isoglosses on the Russian dialect map. In addition, we also shortly examine one syntactic feature in this Karelian variety: the distribution of two borrowed conjunctions with similar meaning and North-South divide in Russian dialects. We conclude that phonology is not the best detector of contact between non-cognate dialects, because of the small sound inventories of the contact varieties and the problems in distinguishing externally driven change from internally driven change. Syntax seems to be a better diagnostic for contact between non-cognate dialects, because of its complex relationship with meaning. We go on to demonstrate how syntactic evidence from a non-Slavic variety can also be suggestive for the occurrence of linguistic phenomena in Russian dialects.Can we place an Eastern Finnic dialect on the map, based exclusively on the Russian influence on its phonology and grammar? How precisely do differences between Russian (sub-)dialects manifest themselves in Eastern Finnic? Due to its unique location, far from its relatives, and its contacts with different Russian dialects, Djorža Karelian is a promising tool for answering these questions. We explore the distribution of three phonological features in Djorža Karelian vocabulary borrowed from Russian; all of them correspond to isoglosses on the Russian dialect map. In addition, we also briefly examine one syntactic feature in this Karelian variety: the distribution of two borrowed conjunctions with similar meaning and a North–South divide in Russian dialects. We conclude that phonology is not the best detector of contact between dialects of non-cognate languages, because of the relatively small sound inventory of the contact languages and the problems in distinguishing externally driven change from internally driven change. Syntax seems to be a better diagnostic for such contact, because of its complex relationship with meaning. We go on to demonstrate how syntactic evidence from a non-Slavic variety can be suggestive for the occurrence of linguistic phenomena in Russian dialects

OLD KARELIAN PERSONAL NAMES

Publisher Copyright: © 2022, Eesti ja Soome-Ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri. All Rights Reserved.The article analyzes old personal names of the Karelian population. As the author demonstrates, the revealed corpus of historical Karelian names is yet very incomplete and severely understudied. This is to be due to a number of causes, including the relative scarcity of names recorded in historical documents, the limited number of sources, and the lack of research devoted to medieval Karelian names. Thus, this article is the author’s look into the evolution of the old given names of Karelians and a step towards their further description and study.Peer reviewe

Saamelainen asutus Karjalassa

Varhaisin luotettavasti identifioitavissa oleva väestö nykyisen Karjalan tasavallan alueella on alkuperältään saamelaista. Metsäsaamelainen kulttuuri kehittyi Karjalassa rautakaudella ja varhaiskeskiajalla. On arveltu, että 1200–1300-luvulta alkaen nykyisen Karjalan alueen sisämaan saamelaismaille alkoi etelästä ja lounaasta käsin muodostua itämerensuomalaista asutusta, ja sitä mukaa kuin vepsäläiset ja karjalaiset alkoivat muuttaa saamelaisten entisille maille, viimeksi mainitut alkoivat siirtyä pohjoisemmille seuduille (Kirkinen et al. 1994: 45; Pöllä 1995: 35). Karjalan tasavallan saamelaisen vaiheen jäljet ovat parhaiten säilyneet karjalan, vepsän ja venäjän murteiden lainasanastossa ja erityisesti paikannimistössä. Samoin 1400–1800-lukujen asiakirjoissa ja perimätiedoissa on säilynyt melkoinen määrä tietoja Karjalassa sijainneista saamelaisasutuksista. Artikkelin päätavoitteena on saamelaisasutusta koskevien lähteiden systematisointi ja yleiskuvaus. Samalla soveltaen eri alojen lähdeaineistoa pyritään saamaan uutta ja tarkempaa tietoa saamelaisväestön historian eri vaiheista rajantakaisessa Karjalassa

Vienan Karjalan asutushistoria nimistön valossa

The dissertation investigates the settlement history of Russian Northern Karelia, i.e. White Sea Karelia (Vienan Karjala), in the light of onomastics. It consists of six articles based on linguistic material, most notably toponyms, anthroponyms, dialectal vocabulary and oral history. A considerable part of the research materials have been collected by the author in the course of field expeditions. The main methodology employed in the articles is the investigation of the spread of toponymic types in the Finnic languages. They bear witness to early population movements that cannot be investigated in the light of archaeology or historical documents. Particular toponymic models can be connected with the spread of the Karelian population from the Lake Ladoga region to the north. Other types provide evidence of a population that entered Northern Karelia from present-day Finland. Most notably, parallels in the toponymy of the Savo and Häme provinces and the area of White Sea Karelia can be found. The other main methodology used in the articles is the investigation of the substrate toponyms, i.e. analysis of toponyms that bear witness to language forms spoken earlier in a particular area. For instance, in White Sea Karelia, a notable amount of toponyms from Saami languages can be found. In the Russian-speaking White Sea coast area, in turn, a notable Finnic substrate from Karelian is discernable. Thus, there are grounds to suggest that the present linguistic areas of the investigated region have come to being relatively late and that as late as in the Middle Ages, the linguistic map of the region was considerably different. There is evidence to suggest that the Saami population in the area survived up to the 17th century. A further source of information in the dissertation is the oral history, i.e. stories and remembrances of the history of the Karelian settlements. Most of this material has never before been collected or investigated in the historical literature. Additionally, an analysis of the Karelian family names and some elements of dialectal vocabulary has been carried out in the investigation. As a result of the investigation, a large amount of new information has surfaced regarding the settlement history of the White Sea Karelia area. Most notably, the character of the Saami languages spoken in the area, the influences from the Western Finnic areas and the directions of population movements between individual settlements has been documented in greater detail than in the earlier research. The results of the investigation are thus of importance not only for Finnic linguistics, toponymic and substrate studies but also to the historical sciences.Väitöskirjatutkimuksen kohteena on Vienan Karjalan asutuksen muodostuminen ennen kaikkea paikannimistön valossa. Väitöstutkimuksen pääosa koostuu kuudesta artikkelista, joiden keskeisenä teemana on nykyisen Karjalan tasavallan pohjoisosien etninen historia. Tutkimus keskittyy historiallisissa lähteissä mainittuihin etnisiin ryhmiin kuten saamelaisiin, karjalaisiin, hämäläisiin, savolaisiin ja venäläisiin. Yhdessä artikkelit muodostavat monografisen tutkimuksen, joka käsittelee Vienan Karjalan asutushistorian peruskysymyksiä. Väitöskirjani metodit ovat pääasiassa onomastisia. Tutkimuksen päämetodi on nimistöntutkimuksen ns. typologis-maantieteellinen menetelmä, joka pohjautuu paikannimimallien muodostamisen ja levikin analyysiin ja soveltuu monipuolisesti kielitieteellisiin ja etnohistoriallisiin tutkimuksiin. Väitöskirjaa kirjoittaessa hyödynnettiin myös historian, folkloristiikan, murretutkimuksen sekä vähäisemmässä määrin arkeologian, paleoekologian ja genetiikan tutkimuksen tuloksia, jotka täydentävät ja täsmentävät olemassa olevaa paikannimiaineistoa. Tämä johtuu siitä, että uutta tietoa tutkitun alueen asutushistoriasta on mahdollista saada vain monitieteisen lähestymistavan avulla. Käytössä on täten monitieteinen kulttuurisen rekonstruktion tutkimusmenetelmä, joka viime kädessä mahdollistaa vuosisatojen kuluessa tutkitulla alueella tapahtuneiden kulttuurihistoriallisten prosessien mallintamisen. Väitöskirjatutkimus osoittaa, että Vienan Karjalan asuttamisessa on ollut useampia vaiheita ja väestöä on tullut useammasta suunnasta. Tästä kertovat mm. tutkimuksen puitteissa selville saadut paikannimimallit, joiden varsinainen levikki viittaa usein nykyisen Vienan Karjalan rajojen ulkopuolelle (mm. Luoteis-Laatokan rannikolle, Keski-Karjalaan, Savoon, Etelä Suomeen, Itä-Pohjanmaalle ja Vienanmeren rannikolle). Tavattujen paikannimityyppien leviäminen kuvaa täten väestön muuttoliikkeittä Vienan Karjalaan sen asutuksen muodostumisen eri vaiheissa. Vienan nimistössä esiintyvät eri väestöryhmille kuuluvat nimikerrostumat todistavat, että Viena oli koko toisen vuosituhannen ajan kontaktialueena, jossa kohtasivat eri etnisten ryhmien interessit. Samalla paikannimet viittaavat myös siihen, että alueella on ollut väestöllistä jatkuvuutta ainakin ensimmäisen vuosituhannen lopulta lähtien. Eri väestöryhmien edustajat oleskelivat samalla alueella rinnakkain, mikä mahdollisti vuorostaan nimistön omaksuminen edelliseltä kieliryhmältä, mm. kielenvaihdon myötä. Täten sulautuessaan yhteen alueen varhaisemman saamelaisasutuksen kanssa eri alueilta saapuneet väestöt muodostivat vienankarjalaisen väestön

Timing jitter in photon detection by straight superconducting nanowires: Effect of magnetic field and photon flux

We studied the effect of the external magnetic field and photon flux on timing jitter in photon detection by straight superconducting NbN nanowires. At two wavelengths 800 and 1560 nm, statistical distribution in the appearance time of the photon count exhibits Gaussian shape at small times and exponential tail at large times. The characteristic exponential time is larger for photons with smaller energy and increases with external magnetic field while variations in the Gaussian part of the distribution are less pronounced. Increasing photon flux drives the nanowire from quantum detection mode to the bolometric mode that averages out fluctuations of the total number of nonequilibrium electrons created by the photon and drastically reduces jitter. The difference between Gaussian parts of distributions for these two modes provides the measure for the electron-number fluctuations. Corresponding standard deviation increases with the photon energy. We show that the two-dimensional hot-spot detection model explains qualitatively the effect of magnetic field

Features of the application of the dumpster-shafer theory when adopting management decisions in construction operations

The article discusses the features of the application of the Dempster-Shafer theory in the management and planning of construction operations. An example of expert evaluation is given, the most possible reasons for the delay of construction and installation works with the aim of taking them into account when planning have been determined