14,110 research outputs found
Earnouts: A Study of Financial Contracting in Acquisition Agreements
We empirically examine earnout contracts, which provide for contingent payments in acquisition agreements. Our analysis reveals considerable heterogeneity in the terms of earnout contracts, i.e. the potential size of the earnout, the performance measure on which the contingent payment is based, the period over which performance is measured, the frequency with which performance is measured, and the form of payment for the earnout. Consistent with the costly contracting hypothesis, we find that the terms of earnout contracts are associated with measures of target valuation uncertainty, target growth opportunities, and the degree of post-acquisition integration between target and acquirer. We conclude that earnouts are structured to minimize the costs of adverse selection and moral hazard in acquisition negotiations.
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Regulated progression of B lymphocyte differentiation from cultured fetal liver.
Lymphoid fetal liver cultures (LFLC) are long-term, nontransformed cultures of early B lymphoid lineage cells which appear developmentally blocked at the pre-B stage in vitro. When injected into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, cells from LFLC could reconstitute splenic B lymphocytes and serum IgM. T lymphocyte reconstitution was not observed and serum IgG levels were very low. IgG3 was the predominant gamma subisotype in the serum of the LFLC-reconstituted mice, indicating impaired class switching in these B lymphocytes. When thymocytes were coinjected with LFLC, the B lymphocytes were able to class switch fully and respond to T-dependent antigens. These serological responses were heterogeneous. This experimental system allows separation of three B lymphocyte developmental stages: early differentiation in vitro, progression to IgM secretion in vivo, and late differentiation dependent upon mature T lymphocytes in vivo. The unique advantage of this system is the ability to regulate the B lymphocyte developmental pathway in a defined, stepwise manner
Spin relaxation and decoherence of holes in quantum dots
We investigate heavy-hole spin relaxation and decoherence in quantum dots in
perpendicular magnetic fields. We show that at low temperatures the spin
decoherence time is two times longer than the spin relaxation time. We find
that the spin relaxation time for heavy holes can be comparable to or even
longer than that for electrons in strongly two-dimensional quantum dots. We
discuss the difference in the magnetic-field dependence of the spin relaxation
rate due to Rashba or Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling for systems with positive
(i.e., GaAs quantum dots) or negative (i.e., InAs quantum dots) -factor.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figur
Mechanism of metallization and superconductivity suppression in YBaCuZnO revealed by Zn NQR
We measure the nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) signal on the Zn site in
nearly optimally doped YBaCuO, when Cu is substituted by 3\%
of isotopically pure Zn. We observe that Zn creates large insulating
islands, confirming two earlier conjectures: that doping provokes an orbital
transition in the CuO plane, which is locally reversed by Zn substitution,
and that the islands are antiferromagnetic. Also, we find that the Zn impurity
locally induces a breaking of the D symmetry. Cluster and DFT calculations
show that the D symmetry breaking is due to the same partial lifting of
degeneracy of the nearest-neighbor oxygen sites as in the LTT transition in
LaBaCuO, similarly well-known to strongly suppress
superconductivity. These results show that in-plane oxygen orbital
configurations are principally involved in the metallicity and
superconductivity of all high-T cuprates, and provide a qualitative
symmetry-based constraint on the SC mechanism.Comment: extended version, to appear in New Journal of Physic
The Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Aspects of the Electrodynamic Vacuum-Field Theory Models
We review the modern classical electrodynamics problems and present the
related main fundamental principles characterizing the electrodynamical
vacuum-field structure. We analyze the models of the vacuum field medium and
charged point particle dynamics using the developed field theory concepts.
There is also described a new approach to the classical Maxwell theory based on
the derived and newly interpreted basic equations making use of the vacuum
field theory approach. In particular, there are obtained the main classical
special relativity theory relations and their new explanations. The well known
Feynman approach to Maxwell electromagnetic equations and the Lorentz type
force derivation is also discussed in detail. A related charged point particle
dynamics and a hadronic string model analysis is also presented. We also
revisited and reanalyzed the classical Lorentz force expression in arbitrary
non-inertial reference frames and present some new interpretations of the
relations between special relativity theory and its quantum mechanical aspects.
Some results related with the charge particle radiation problem and the
magnetic potential topological aspects are discussed. The electromagnetic
Dirac-Fock-Podolsky problem of the Maxwell and Yang-Mills type dynamical
systems is analyzed within the classical Dirac-Marsden-Weinstein symplectic
reduction theory. The problem of constructing Fock type representations and
retrieving their creation-annihilation operator structure is analyzed. An
application of the suitable current algebra representation to describing the
non-relativistic Aharonov-Bohm paradox is presented. The current algebra
coherent functional representations are constructed and their importance
subject to the linearization problem of nonlinear dynamical systems in Hilbert
spaces is demonstrated.Comment: 70 p, revie
Shot Noise Probing of Magnetic Ordering in Zigzag Graphene Nanoribbons
The nonequilibrium time-dependent fluctuations of charge current have
recently emerged as a sensitive experimental tool to probe ballistic transport
through evanescent wave functions introduced into clean wide and short graphene
strips by the attached metallic electrodes. We demonstrate that such
"pseudo-diffusive" shot noise can be substantially modified in zigzag graphene
nanoribbon (ZGNR) due to the topology of its edges responsible for localized
states that facilitate ferromagnetic ordering along the edge when Coulomb
interaction is taken into account. Thus, the shot noise enhancement of
unpolarized, and even more sensitively of spin-polarized, charge currents
injected into ZGNR will act as an all-electrical and edge-sensitive probe of
such low-dimensional magnetism.Comment: 5 pages, 3 color figures; references update
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