A vibroacoustic model of the stationary railway wheel for sound radiation prediction through an axisymmetric approach

[EN] In the literature, different dynamic models of the railway wheel have been developed to predict its sound radiation; however, there are still certain aspects that can be improved. Specifically, the high computational cost of these models, either because they solve the fluidstructure interaction or because they solve the dynamics and acoustics of the three-dimensional wheel, makes it difficult to carry out numerous simulations with the aim of achieving quieter designs. In the present work, a vibroacoustic model of the stationary wheel is developed through an axisymmetric approach, yielding an efficient and comprehensive acoustic prediction tool. The calculation methodology consists of, firstly, adopting an axisymmetric approach to solve the vibratory dynamics of the wheel from its cross-section, using finite element techniques; subsequently, the acoustic radiation of the three-dimensional wheel is calculated from the dynamics of the aforementioned section through an analytical formulation. Finally, the vibroacoustic model developed is validated via comparison with commercial software that solves the fluid-structure interaction, showing the aforementioned computational advantages that the former has over the latter.The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Agencia Estatal de Investigación and European Regional Development Fund (grant FPU18/03999, project TRA2017-84701-R and project PID2020-112886RA-I00).Andrés Ruiz, V.; Martínez Casas, J.; Carballeira Morado, J.; Denia Guzmán, F. (2022). A vibroacoustic model of the stationary railway wheel for sound radiation prediction through an axisymmetric approach. En Proceedings of the YIC 2021 - VI ECCOMAS Young Investigators Conference. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 320-325. https://doi.org/10.4995/YIC2021.2021.12584OCS32032

Numerical mode matching for sound propagation in silencers with granular material

[EN] This work presents an efficient numerical approach based on the combination of the mode matching technique and the finite element method (FEM) to model the sound propagation in silencers containing granular material and to evaluate their acoustic performance through the computation of transmission loss (TL). The methodology takes into account the presence of three-dimensional (3D) waves and the corresponding higher order modes, while reducing the computational expenditure of a full 3D FEM calculation. First, the wavenumbers and transversal pressure modes associated with the silencer cross section are obtained by means of a two-dimensional FEM eigenvalue problem, which allows the consideration of arbitrary transversal geometries and material heterogeneities. The numerical approach considers the possibility of using different filling levels of granular material, giving rise to cross sections with abrupt changes of properties located not only in the usual central perforated passage, but also in the transition between air and material, that involves a significant change in porosity. After solving the eigenvalue problem, the acoustic fields (acoustic pressure and axial velocity) are coupled at geometric discontinuities between ducts through the compatibility conditions to obtain the complete solution of the wave equation and the acoustic performance (TL). The granular material is analysed as a potential alternative to the traditional dissipative silencers incorporating fibrous absorbent materials. Sound propagation in granular materials can be modelled through acoustic equivalent properties, such as complex and frequency dependent density and speed of sound. TL results computed by means of the numerical approach proposed here show good agreement with full 3D FEM calculations and experimental measurements. As expected, the numerical mode matching outperforms the computational expenditure of the full 3D FEM approach. Different configurations have been studied to determine the influence on the TL of several parameters such as the size of the material grains, the filling level of the chamber, the granular material porosity and the geometry of the silencer cross section.Project supported by a 2016 BBVA Foundation, Spain Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators. The BBVA Foundation takes no responsibility for the opinions, remarks or content included in the project and/or the results thereof, which are the sole responsibility of the authors. Support of Generalitat Valenciana (Conselleria d'Educacio, Investigacid, Cultura i Esport), Spain through project Prometeo/2016/007 is also acknowledged.Sánchez Orgaz, EM.; Denia Guzmán, FD.; Baeza González, LM.; Kirby, R. (2019). Numerical mode matching for sound propagation in silencers with granular material. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics. 350:233-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2018.10.030S233246350Denia, F. D., Sánchez-Orgaz, E. M., Martínez-Casas, J., & Kirby, R. (2015). Finite element based acoustic analysis of dissipative silencers with high temperature and thermal-induced heterogeneity. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 101, 46-57. doi:10.1016/j.finel.2015.04.004Astley, R. J. (1996). FE mode-matching schemes for the exterior Helmholtz problem and their relationship to the FE-DtN approach. Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering, 12(4), 257-267. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0887(199604)12:43.0.co;2-8Glav, R. (1996). THE POINT-MATCHING METHOD ON DISSIPATIVE SILENCERS OF ARBITRARY CROSS-SECTION. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 189(1), 123-135. doi:10.1006/jsvi.1996.0009GLAV, R. (2000). THE TRANSFER MATRIX FOR A DISSIPATIVE SILENCER OF ARBITRARY CROSS-SECTION. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 236(4), 575-594. doi:10.1006/jsvi.2000.2994Kirby, R. (2003). Transmission loss predictions for dissipative silencers of arbitrary cross section in the presence of mean flow. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 114(1), 200-209. doi:10.1121/1.1582448Kirby, R. (2009). A comparison between analytic and numerical methods for modelling automotive dissipative silencers with mean flow. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 325(3), 565-582. doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2009.03.032Fang, Z., & Ji, Z. L. (2014). Numerical Mode Matching Approach for Acoustic Attenuation Predictions of Double-Chamber Perforated Tube Dissipative Silencers with Mean Flow. Journal of Computational Acoustics, 22(02), 1450004. doi:10.1142/s0218396x14500040Yang, L., Ji, Z. L., & Wu, T. W. (2015). Transmission loss prediction of silencers by using combined boundary element method and point collocation approach. Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 61, 265-273. doi:10.1016/j.enganabound.2015.08.004Denia, F. D., Sánchez-Orgaz, E. M., Baeza, L., & Kirby, R. (2016). Point collocation scheme in silencers with temperature gradient and mean flow. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 291, 127-141. doi:10.1016/j.cam.2015.02.007Kirby, R. (2008). Modeling sound propagation in acoustic waveguides using a hybrid numerical method. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 124(4), 1930-1940. doi:10.1121/1.2967837Denia, F. D., Martínez-Casas, J., Carballeira, J., Nadal, E., & Fuenmayor, F. J. (2018). Computational performance of analytical methods for the acoustic modelling of automotive exhaust devices incorporating monoliths. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 330, 995-1006. doi:10.1016/j.cam.2017.03.010Allard, J. F., & Atalla, N. (2009). Propagation of Sound in Porous Media. doi:10.1002/9780470747339Li, J., Zhao, S., & Ishihara, K. (2013). Study on acoustical properties of sintered bronze porous material for transient exhaust noise of pneumatic system. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 332(11), 2721-2734. doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2012.12.031Cobo, P., & Simón, F. (2016). A comparison of impedance models for the inverse estimation of the non-acoustical parameters of granular absorbers. Applied Acoustics, 104, 119-126. doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2015.11.006Kirby, R., & Lawrie, J. B. (2005). A point collocation approach to modelling large dissipative silencers. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 286(1-2), 313-339. doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2004.10.016Murphy, J. E., & Chin‐Bing, S. A. (1989). A finite‐element model for ocean acoustic propagation and scattering. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 86(4), 1478-1483. doi:10.1121/1.398708Pierce, A. D. (1990). Wave equation for sound in fluids with unsteady inhomogeneous flow. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 87(6), 2292-2299. doi:10.1121/1.399073Selamet, A., & Ji, Z. L. (1998). ACOUSTIC ATTENUATION PERFORMANCE OF CIRCULAR EXPANSION CHAMBERS WITH OFFSET INLET/OUTLET: I. ANALYTICAL APPROACH. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 213(4), 601-617. doi:10.1006/jsvi.1998.1514Selamet, A., Xu, M. B., Lee, I.-J., & Huff, N. T. (2005). Analytical approach for sound attenuation in perforated dissipative silencers with inlet/outlet extensions. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 117(4), 2078-2089. doi:10.1121/1.1867884Denia, F. D., Selamet, A., Fuenmayor, F. J., & Kirby, R. (2007). Acoustic attenuation performance of perforated dissipative mufflers with empty inlet/outlet extensions. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 302(4-5), 1000-1017. doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2007.01.005Payri, F., Broatch, A., Salavert, J. M., & Moreno, D. (2010). Acoustic response of fibrous absorbent materials to impulsive transient excitations. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 329(7), 880-892. doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2009.10.015P. Glover, Petrophysics MSc Course Notes, MSc Lecture Notes, University of Leeds

Dynamics of damped rotating solids of revolution through an Eulerian modal approach

This article presents a technique for modelling the dynamic response of rotating flexible solids with internal modal damping. The method is applicable to solids with geometry of revolution that rotate around their main axis at constant spinning velocity. The model makes use of an Eulerian modal coordinate system which adopts the vibration modes in a non-rotating frame as basis functions. Due to the coordinate system, the technique is particularly suitable for studying the dynamic interaction between rotating solids and non-rotating structures and permits to obtain Frequency Response Functions. The current investigation presents the development of the proposed technique from a previous Lagrangian model, and consequently the mathematical relationships between the two coordinate sets are found. The approach has been adopted to study the dynamics of a simply supported cylinder including damping in order to obtain the receptance function and the modal properties of the rotating solid.The authors gratefully acknowledge the support for this work provided by the Project TRA2010-15669 (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion).Martínez Casas, J.; Fayos Sancho, J.; Denia Guzmán, FD.; Baeza González, LM. (2012). Dynamics of damped rotating solids of revolution through an Eulerian modal approach. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 331(4):868-882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2011.10.003S868882331

Railway rolling noise mitigation through optimal track design

[EN] The main goal of the present work lies in the identification of the railway track properties that influence acoustic radiation, as well as in the analysis of these properties for the reduction of sound levels. This is achieved through a dynamic model of the railway wheel and track that allows the study of rolling noise, produced as a result of the wheel/rail interaction. Once the vibrational response of the railway components is determined, the sound power radiated by them is evaluated. The influence of the track properties on the sound radiation is determined by analysing the acoustic power results of different track configurations. From the results obtained, a number of guidelines are presented for noise mitigation of the involved railway elements. Between the worst and the best track design, there are differences of approximately 7.4 dB(A) in the radiation considering the wheel, rail and sleeper noise.The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Agencia Estatal de Investigación and European Regional Development Fund (grant FPU18/03999, project TRA2017-84701-R and project PID2020-112886RA-I00)Andrés Ruiz, V.; Martínez Casas, J.; Carballeira Morado, J.; Denia Guzmán, F.; Thompson, DJ. (2022). Railway rolling noise mitigation through optimal track design. En Proceedings of the YIC 2021 - VI ECCOMAS Young Investigators Conference. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 313-319. https://doi.org/10.4995/YIC2021.2021.12583OCS31331

Assessment of oral and written communication competences in the European Higher Education Area: a proposal of evaluation methodologies

[EN] he international accreditation for the Master and Bachelor degrees offered at our university, together with the demands of the employers, have made it clear that the students’ curricula should specify not only what they have studied, but also what they are actually able to do. Although the competence based curricula approach has been used in the development of the new programmes for the Master and Bachelor degrees within the European Higher Education Area in recent years, the assessment of these competences is still a pending task. This work presents an ‘outcomes’ approach for the assessment of the oral and written communication skills within subjects related to mechanical and materials engineering. In particular, this paper proposes some rubrics developed in order to quantify the level of achievement. These rubrics are based on the evaluation of some learning outcomes that can be observed by using different strategies during the course. Conclusions about preliminary results and the difficulties found in order to create these tools are also described here.Sonseca, A.; Sahuquillo, O.; Martinez-Casas, J.; Carballeira, J.; Denia Guzmán, FD.; Rodenas, J.; Rodenas (2015). Assessment of oral and written communication competences in the European Higher Education Area: a proposal of evaluation methodologies. En 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HIGHER EDUCATION ADVANCES (HEAD' 15). Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 2-9. https://doi.org/10.4995/HEAD15.2015.485OCS2

Assessment of problem-solving skills in subjects related to mechanical and materials engineering

[EN] The international accreditation for the Master and Bachelor degrees offered at our university, together with the demands of the employers, have made it clear that students’ curricula should specify not only what they have studied, but also what they are actually able to do. Although the competence based curricula approach has been used in the development of the new programmes for Master and Bachelor degrees within the European Higher Education Area in recent years, the assessment of generic competences is still a pending task. This work presents an ‘outcomes’ approach for the assessment of the problem-solving capacity in subjects related to mechanical and materials engineering. In particular, this paper proposes a scale in order to quantify the level of achievement and shows some tools developed for this purpose. These tools are based on the evaluation of some learning outcomes that can be observed by using different strategies during the course. Conclusions about preliminary results and the difficulties found in order to create these tools and the scale are also described here.The authors acknowledge the financial contribution of Universitat Politècnica de València through the project PIME/2014/A/012/B.Martínez Casas, J.; Sahuquillo, O.; Sonseca Olalla, A.; Carballeira, J.; Denia Guzmán, FD.; Marco Alacid, O. (2015). Assessment of problem-solving skills in subjects related to mechanical and materials engineering. En 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HIGHER EDUCATION ADVANCES (HEAD' 15). Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 288-295. https://doi.org/10.4995/HEAD15.2015.48628829

Use of a PBL-approach to develop and to assess generic competences in a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering

[EN] This paper presents the work carried out within the framework of an educational innovation and improvement project developed during the last two years in the Master's Degree in Mechanical Engineering at the Technical University of Valencia (UPV). One of the main objectives of this project is the development and implementation of new methodologies for the evaluation of generic competences. Among these new methodologies, there is an approach through project-based learning, which allows for the incorporation of the assessment of some generic competences that was not done previously in a proper way. Therefore, several subjects have been coordinated, a new type of Master¿s Thesis has been proposed, with the collaboration of a company, and new assessment tools have been designed.The authors acknowledge the financial contribution by the Universitat Politècnica de València through the project PIME/2018/DPTO.IMM.Carballeira, J.; Tur Valiente, M.; Besa Gonzálvez, AJ.; Albelda Vitoria, J.; Tarancón Caro, JE.; Martínez Casas, J.; Denia Guzmán, FD.... (2020). Use of a PBL-approach to develop and to assess generic competences in a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering. IATED Academy. 4913-4916. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2020.1286S4913491

Propiedades acústicas del hormigón poroso a base de áridos ligeros de arlita y vermiculita

[EN] The use of sustainable materials is becoming a common practice for noise abatement in building and civil engineering industries. In this context, many applications have been found for porous concrete made from lightweight aggregates. This work investigates the acoustic properties of porous concrete made from arlite and vermiculite lightweight aggregates. These natural resources can still be regarded as sustainable since they can be recycled and do not generate environmentally hazardous waste. The experimental basis used consists of different type specimens whose acoustic performance is assessed in an impedance tube. Additionally, a simple theoretical model for granular porous media, based on parameters measurable with basic experimental procedures, is adopted to predict the acoustic properties of the prepared mixes. The theoretical predictions compare well with the absorption measurements. Preliminary results show the good absorption capability of these materials, making them a promising alternative to traditional porous concrete solutions.[ES] El uso de materiales sostenibles se está convirtiendo en una práctica común para la reducción de ruido en las industrias de la edificación e ingeniería civil. Este trabajo investiga las propiedades acústicas de hormigón poroso fabricado a partir de áridos ligeros de arlita y vermiculita. Estos recursos naturales todavía pueden considerarse sostenibles ya que pueden ser reciclados y no generan residuos peligrosos para el medio ambiente. La base experimental utilizada se compone de especímenes de diferente tipo cuyas prestaciones acústicas se evalúan en un tubo de impedancia. Adicionalmente, se ha adoptado un modelo teórico simple para medios porosos granulares, basado en parámetros medibles con procedimientos experimentales básicos, con objeto de predecir las propiedades acústicas de las mezclas preparadas. Las predicciones teóricas muestran una buena concordancia con las medidas de absorción. Los resultados preliminares demuestran la buena capacidad absorbente de estos materiales, haciendo de ellos una alternativa prometedora a las soluciones de hormigón poroso tradicionales.Carbajo San Martín, J.; Esquerdo Lloret, TV.; Ramis Soriano, J.; Nadal Gisbert, AV.; Denia Guzmán, FD. (2015). Acoustic properties of porous concrete made from arlite and vermiculite lightweight aggregates. Materiales de Construcción. 65(320):1-11. doi:10.3989/mc.2015.01115S11165320Tutikian, B. F., Nunes, M. F. O., Leal, L. C., & Marquetto, L. (2012). Hormigón ligero con agregado reciclado de EVA para atenuación del ruido de impacto. Materiales de Construcción, 63(310), 309-316. doi:10.3989/mc.2012.06911Krezel, Z. A., & McManus, K. (2000). Recycled aggregate concrete sound barriers for urban freeways. Waste Management Series, 884-892. doi:10.1016/s0713-2743(00)80097-5Kim, H. K., & Lee, H. K. (2010). Influence of cement flow and aggregate type on the mechanical and acoustic characteristics of porous concrete. Applied Acoustics, 71(7), 607-615. doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2010.02.001Tiwari, V., Shukla, A., & Bose, A. (2004). Acoustic properties of cenosphere reinforced cement and asphalt concrete. Applied Acoustics, 65(3), 263-275. doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2003.09.002Losa, M., Leandri, P., & Bacci, R. (2008). Mechanical and Performance-Related Properties of Asphalt Mixes Containing Expanded Clay Aggregate. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2051(1), 23-30. doi:10.3141/2051-04Freitas, E., Mendonça, C., Santos, J. A., Murteira, C., & Ferreira, J. P. (2012). Traffic noise abatement: How different pavements, vehicle speeds and traffic densities affect annoyance levels. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 17(4), 321-326. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2012.02.001Pacheco-Torgal, F., & Jalali, S. (2011). Cementitious building materials reinforced with vegetable fibres: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 25(2), 575-581. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.07.024Asdrubali, F., Schiavoni, S., & Horoshenkov, K. V. (2012). A Review of Sustainable Materials for Acoustic Applications. Building Acoustics, 19(4), 283-311. doi:10.1260/1351-010x.19.4.283Melo, M. O. B. C., da Silva, L. B., Coutinho, A. S., Sousa, V., & Perazzo, N. (2012). Energy efficiency in building installations using thermal insulating materials in northeast Brazil. Energy and Buildings, 47, 35-43. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.11.021Schackow, A., Effting, C., Folgueras, M. V., Güths, S., & Mendes, G. A. (2014). Mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight concretes with vermiculite and EPS using air-entraining agent. Construction and Building Materials, 57, 190-197. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.009Miki, Y. (1990). Acoustical properties of porous materials. Generalizations of empirical models. Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E), 11(1), 25-28. doi:10.1250/ast.11.25Stinson, M. R., & Champoux, Y. (1992). Propagation of sound and the assignment of shape factors in model porous materials having simple pore geometries. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 91(2), 685-695. doi:10.1121/1.402530Allard, J., & Champoux, Y. (1992). New empirical equations for sound propagation in rigid frame fibrous materials. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 91(6), 3346-3353. doi:10.1121/1.402824Attenborough, K., Bashir, I., & Taherzadeh, S. (2011). Outdoor ground impedance models. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 129(5), 2806-2819. doi:10.1121/1.3569740Swift, M. ., Bris, P., & Horoshenkov, K. . (1999). Acoustic absorption in re-cycled rubber granulate. Applied Acoustics, 57(3), 203-212. doi:10.1016/s0003-682x(98)00061-9Horoshenkov, K. V., & Swift, M. J. (2001). The acoustic properties of granular materials with pore size distribution close to log-normal. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 110(5), 2371-2378. doi:10.1121/1.1408312Horoshenkov, K. V., Hughes, D. C., & Cwirzen, A. (2003). The sound speed and attenuation in loose and consolidated granular formulations of high alumina cements. Applied Acoustics, 64(2), 197-212. doi:10.1016/s0003-682x(02)00069-5Vašina, M., Hughes, D. C., Horoshenkov, K. V., & Lapčík, L. (2006). The acoustical properties of consolidated expanded clay granulates. Applied Acoustics, 67(8), 787-796. doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2005.08.003Brown, R. J. S. (1980). Connection between formation factor for electrical resistivity and fluid‐solid coupling factor in Biot’s equations for acoustic waves in fluid‐filled porous media. GEOPHYSICS, 45(8), 1269-1275. doi:10.1190/1.1441123Ingard, K. U., & Dear, T. A. (1985). Measurement of acoustic flow resistance. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 103(4), 567-572. doi:10.1016/s0022-460x(85)80024-9Leclaire, P., Swift, M. J., & Horoshenkov, K. V. (1998). Determining the specific area of porous acoustic materials from water extraction data. Journal of Applied Physics, 84(12), 6886-6890. doi:10.1063/1.368985Geslain, A., Groby, J. P., Dazel, O., Mahasaranon, S., Horoshenkov, K. V., & Khan, A. (2012). An application of the Peano series expansion to predict sound propagation in materials with continuous pore stratification. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 132(1), 208-215. doi:10.1121/1.472818

Análisis morfológico de mezclas de materiales compuestos de matriz cementicia con aligerantes para la construcción

[ES] En este trabajo se estudia la granulometría en distintas composiciones de mezcla de cemento, agua y materiales aligerantes. Empleamos la Vermiculita de dos granulometrías (V2 y V3) y se determina la composición más adecuada de cemento y agua para disponer de muestras que tengan cohesión suficiente para su fácil manejo.Se emplea como adhesivo Cemento Portland. El empleo de técnicas de análisis de imagen mediante programas informáticos específicos de estudio de partículas resulta ventajoso frente a software de diseño gráfico (AUTOCAD). El uso de este tipo de programas supone un esfuerzo adicional debido a que cada partícula o grano debe tratarse individualmente, resultando un trabajo tedioso y de baja fiabilidad, debiendo analizarse al menos entre 50 y 100 partículas o granos.Esquerdo Lloret, TV.; Nadal Gisbert, AV.; Denia Guzmán, FD.; Crespo Amorós, JE.; Pérez Pérez, LM. (2013). Análisis morfológico de mezclas de materiales compuestos de matriz cementicia con aligerantes para la construcción. Compobell, S.L. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/74067

Virtual test method of structure-borne sound for a metro bogie

[EN] This paper presents a virtual test method for structure-borne noise generated from railway running gear. This method combines a number of existing tools to form a system approach. The wheelset and bogie frame are modelled using FEM software Nastran to include details of their construction. The primary springs are simplified to standard CBUSH elements in Nastran with point and transfer stiffness modelled by frequency-dependent complex stiffness, which are tuned against measurements. The wheel-rail contact forces due to roughness excitation are obtained by the wheel-rail interaction tool TWINS. The vibration of the full running gear is simulated in Nastran by applying the wheel-rail contact forces. The forces transmitted to the vehicle body through traction bars and dampers are calculated for predicting structure-borne noise.The work presented in this paper has received funding from the Shift2Rail Joint Undertaking under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 777564. The contents of this publication only reflect the authors¿ view and the Joint Undertaking is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained in the paper. Provision of vehicle data from CAF Spain is gratefully acknowledged.Xie, G.; Rissman, M.; Bouvet, P.; Liu, X.; Thompson, DJ.; Baeza González, LM.; Moreno, J.... (2021). Virtual test method of structure-borne sound for a metro bogie. Springer Nature. 186-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70289-2_18186193Thompson, D.: Railway Noise and Vibration: Mechanism, Modelling and Means, 1st edn. Elsevier, Oxford (2009)Thompson, D., Hemsworth, B., Vincent, N.: Experimental validation of the TWINS prediction program for rolling noise, part 1: description of the model and method. J. Sound Vib. 193, 123–135 (1996)Report: Deliverable 4.2 – Complete virtual test method for structure-borne and airborne noise transmission, EU Shift2Rail/H2020 project RUN2rail (2019)MSC NASTRAN Quick reference guide (2018