We Must Draw a Different Future! Insights from the Frontline Anti-Violence Work During the Pandemic in Italy

In this article we analyze the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the Italian anti-violence system, through the eyes of the pratictioners of anti-violence centers, who are historically at the forefront in supporting women survivors of male violence. Their perspective is particularly relevant because, in Italy, anti-violence centers hold a "borderline" position, which lies between the political role of transformation and that of an actor of the private social provider of an 'essential' public service. On the basis of international recommendations, our analysis distinguishes two main areas of intervention on which national policies have been called to intervene: on one side, the protection of women victims of violence, and on the other their empowerment. Analyzing either official statistics and data collected through an online survey addressed to the practitioners of anti-violence centers during the lockdown, we highlight strengths and weaknesses of the policy measures implemented in Italy from their situated perspective, with reference both to the protection and the empowerment of survivors

We Must Draw a Different Future! Insights from the Frontline Anti-Violence Work During the Pandemic in Italy

In this article we analyze the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the Italian anti-violence system, through the eyes of the pratictioners of anti-violence centers, who are historically at the forefront in supporting women survivors of male violence. Their perspective is particularly relevant because, in Italy, anti-violence centers hold a "borderline" position, which lies between the political role of transformation and that of an actor of the private social provider of an 'essential' public service. On the basis of international recommendations, our analysis distinguishes two main areas of intervention on which national policies have been called to intervene: on one side, the protection of women victims of violence, and on the other their empowerment. Analyzing either official statistics and data collected through an online survey addressed to the practitioners of anti-violence centers during the lockdown, we highlight strengths and weaknesses of the policy measures implemented in Italy from their situated perspective, with reference both to the protection and the empowerment of survivors

La Riabilitazione del pavimento pelvico nella patologia uroginecologica

Pelvic floor muscle training is the most commonly recommended physical therapy treatment for women with urogynecological disorders. Pelvic floor muscle training is commonly recommended during pregnancy and after birth both for prevention and treatment of incontinence. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of pelvic floor muscle training for women with diagnoses of stress, urge and mixed incontinence. MATERIALS AND METHOD: 35 women with urodynamic diagnoses of stress, urge or mixed incontinence included pelvic floor muscle training. Each subject received a total of 10 treatment sessions during 5 consecutive weeks, consisting 15-minute sessions pelvic-floor muscle exercise and biofeedback program followed by a 25 minute of electrical stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: Pelvic-floor rehabilitation appeared to be an effective treatment for women with stress or mixed incontinence. As a general rule, the least invasive and least dangerous procedure for the patient should be the first choice, and behavioural and rehabilitative techniques should be considered as the first line of therapy for urinary incontinence. The content of pelvic floor muscle training programmes is highly variable. This effect is durable for a long period but women must continue to perform pelvic muscle exercises one or more times per week

Vis di impianti di incenerimento di rifiuti solidi urbani. Indagine Policy Delphi

Il presente Working Paper contiene il rapporto di ricerca dell’indagine Policy Delphi realizzata per contribuire alla definizione di un modello di Valutazione di Impatto Sanitario(VIS). L’esigenza di condurre questa indagine è nata per validare i contenuti teorici e metodologici della VIS proposta nell’ambito del Progetto Moniter, monitoraggio degli inceneritori nel territorio dell´Emilia-Romagna, promosso da Regione Emilia-Romagna (RER) e Agenzia per l’Ambiente regionale (con delibera 536 del 21.04.2008 della Giunta regionale). Il progetto Moniter ha l’obiettivo di "organizzare un sistema di sorveglianza ambientale e valutazione epidemiologica nelle aree circostanti gli impianti di incenerimento in Emilia- Romagna", di sistematizzare cioè le conoscenze esistenti, di uniformare le metodologie di monitoraggio ambientale degli impianti di incenerimento rifiuti, di acquisire nuove conoscenze relative alle caratteristiche qualitative e quantitative degli inquinanti emessi dagli impianti e presenti in ambiente e, soprattutto, di integrare le conoscenze ambientali con quelle epidemiologiche e sanitarie. Quest´ultimo aspetto, che rende il progetto Moniter un´attività sperimentale innovativa in Italia, si realizza attraverso la definizione di criteri per la realizzazione della Valutazione di Impatto Sanitario di impianti di combustione. L’Assessorato Politiche per la Salute della RER ha affidato tale compito all’unità operativa di Epidemiologia Ambientale del CNR di Pisa, afferente all’Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica (IFC). La particolare applicazione del metodo Policy Delphi, realizzata per la costruzione del modello di VIS da Antonio Tintori e Pietro Demurtas con la supervisione scientifica di Adriana Valente e Loredana Cerbara dell’IRPPS in collaborazione con l’IFC, ha garantito un approccio multidisciplinare alla complessità dell’obiettivo decisionale, e dimostra come una metodologia ideata per la ricerca sociale possa rivelarsi efficace nell’analisi di fenomeni afferenti a molteplici ambiti disciplinari. Tutti i documenti riferiti al progetto Moniter sono consultabili al sito internet: http://www.arpa.emr.it/monite

Single Primer Enrichment Technology (SPET) for High-Throughput Genotyping in Tomato and Eggplant Germplasm

[EN] Single primer enrichment technology (SPET) is a new, robust, and customizable solution for targeted genotyping. Unlike genotyping by sequencing (GBS), and like DNA chips, SPET is a targeted genotyping technology, relying on the sequencing of a region flanking a primer. Its reliance on single primers, rather than on primer pairs, greatly simplifies panel design, and allows higher levels of multiplexing than PCR-based genotyping. Thanks to the sequencing of the regions surrounding the target SNP, SPET allows the discovery of thousands of closely linked, novel SNPs. In order to assess the potential of SPET for high-throughput genotyping in plants, a panel comprising 5k target SNPs, designed both on coding regions and introns/UTRs, was developed for tomato and eggplant. Genotyping of two panels composed of 400 tomato and 422 eggplant accessions, comprising both domesticated material and wild relatives, generated a total of 12,002 and 30,731 high confidence SNPs, respectively, which comprised both target and novel SNPs in an approximate ratio of 1:1.6, and 1:5.5 in tomato and eggplant, respectively. The vast majority of the markers was transferrable to related species that diverged up to 3.4 million years ago (Solanum pennellii for tomato and S. macrocarpon for eggplant). Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic trees and PCA outputs obtained from the whole dataset highlighted genetic relationships among accessions and species which were congruent with what was previously reported in literature. Better discrimination among domesticated accessions was achieved by using the target SNPs, while better discrimination among wild species was achieved using the whole SNP dataset. Our results reveal that SPET genotyping is a robust, high-throughput technology for genetic fingerprinting, with a high degree of cross-transferability between crops and their cultivated and wild relatives, and allows identification of duplicates and mislabeled accessions in genebanks.This work has been funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the grant agreement number 677379 (G2P-SOL project: Linking genetic resources, genomes, and phenotypes of solanaceous crops).Barchi, L.; Acquadro, A.; Alonso-Martín, D.; Aprea, G.; Bassolino, L.; Demurtas, O.; Ferrante, P.... (2019). Single Primer Enrichment Technology (SPET) for High-Throughput Genotyping in Tomato and Eggplant Germplasm. Frontiers in Plant Science. 10:1-17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01005S11710Acquadro, A., Barchi, L., Gramazio, P., Portis, E., Vilanova, S., Comino, C., … Lanteri, S. (2017). Coding SNPs analysis highlights genetic relationships and evolution pattern in eggplant complexes. PLOS ONE, 12(7), e0180774. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180774Anderson, J. A., Churchill, G. A., Autrique, J. E., Tanksley, S. D., & Sorrells, M. E. (1993). Optimizing parental selection for genetic linkage maps. Genome, 36(1), 181-186. doi:10.1139/g93-024Barchi, L., Pietrella, M., Venturini, L., Minio, A., Toppino, L., Acquadro, A., … Rotino, G. L. (2019). A chromosome-anchored eggplant genome sequence reveals key events in Solanaceae evolution. Scientific Reports, 9(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47985-wBeddows, I., Reddy, A., Kloesges, T., & Rose, L. E. (2017). Population Genomics in Wild Tomatoes—The Interplay of Divergence and Admixture. Genome Biology and Evolution, 9(11), 3023-3038. doi:10.1093/gbe/evx224Blanca, J., Montero-Pau, J., Sauvage, C., Bauchet, G., Illa, E., Díez, M. J., … Cañizares, J. (2015). Genomic variation in tomato, from wild ancestors to contemporary breeding accessions. BMC Genomics, 16(1). doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1444-1Caicedo, A. L., & Schaal, B. A. (2004). Population structure and phylogeography of Solanum pimpinellifolium inferred from a nuclear gene. Molecular Ecology, 13(7), 1871-1882. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02191.xCastle, J. C. (2011). SNPs Occur in Regions with Less Genomic Sequence Conservation. PLoS ONE, 6(6), e20660. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020660Cericola, F., Portis, E., Toppino, L., Barchi, L., Acciarri, N., Ciriaci, T., … Lanteri, S. (2013). The Population Structure and Diversity of Eggplant from Asia and the Mediterranean Basin. PLoS ONE, 8(9), e73702. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073702Chen, K.-Y., Cong, B., Wing, R., Vrebalov, J., & Tanksley, S. D. (2007). Changes in Regulation of a Transcription Factor Lead to Autogamy in Cultivated Tomatoes. Science, 318(5850), 643-645. doi:10.1126/science.1148428Chen, K.-Y., & Tanksley, S. D. (2004). High-Resolution Mapping and Functional Analysis ofse2.1. Genetics, 168(3), 1563-1573. doi:10.1534/genetics.103.022558Danecek, P., Auton, A., Abecasis, G., Albers, C. A., Banks, E., … DePristo, M. A. (2011). The variant call format and VCFtools. Bioinformatics, 27(15), 2156-2158. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btr330Davey, J. W., Hohenlohe, P. A., Etter, P. D., Boone, J. Q., Catchen, J. M., & Blaxter, M. L. (2011). Genome-wide genetic marker discovery and genotyping using next-generation sequencing. Nature Reviews Genetics, 12(7), 499-510. doi:10.1038/nrg3012Del Fabbro, C., Scalabrin, S., Morgante, M., & Giorgi, F. M. (2013). An Extensive Evaluation of Read Trimming Effects on Illumina NGS Data Analysis. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e85024. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085024DePristo, M. A., Banks, E., Poplin, R., Garimella, K. V., Maguire, J. R., Hartl, C., … Daly, M. J. (2011). A framework for variation discovery and genotyping using next-generation DNA sequencing data. Nature Genetics, 43(5), 491-498. doi:10.1038/ng.806Dodsworth, S., Chase, M. W., Särkinen, T., Knapp, S., & Leitch, A. R. (2015). Using genomic repeats for phylogenomics: a case study in wild tomatoes (SolanumsectionLycopersicon: Solanaceae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 117(1), 96-105. doi:10.1111/bij.12612Elshire, R. J., Glaubitz, J. C., Sun, Q., Poland, J. A., Kawamoto, K., Buckler, E. S., & Mitchell, S. E. (2011). A Robust, Simple Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) Approach for High Diversity Species. PLoS ONE, 6(5), e19379. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019379Flint-Garcia, S. A. (2013). Genetics and Consequences of Crop Domestication. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61(35), 8267-8276. doi:10.1021/jf305511dGramazio, P., Prohens, J., Borràs, D., Plazas, M., Herraiz, F. J., & Vilanova, S. (2017). Comparison of transcriptome-derived simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for genetic fingerprinting, diversity evaluation, and establishment of relationships in eggplants. Euphytica, 213(12). doi:10.1007/s10681-017-2057-3Hoang, D. T., Chernomor, O., von Haeseler, A., Minh, B. Q., & Vinh, L. S. (2017). UFBoot2: Improving the Ultrafast Bootstrap Approximation. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35(2), 518-522. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx281Hoheisel, J. D. (2006). Microarray technology: beyond transcript profiling and genotype analysis. Nature Reviews Genetics, 7(3), 200-210. doi:10.1038/nrg1809Huerta-Cepas, J., Serra, F., & Bork, P. (2016). ETE 3: Reconstruction, Analysis, and Visualization of Phylogenomic Data. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 33(6), 1635-1638. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw046Isshiki, S., Iwata, N., & Khan, M. M. R. (2008). ISSR variations in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and related Solanum species. Scientia Horticulturae, 117(3), 186-190. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2008.04.003Kamenetzky, L., Asís, R., Bassi, S., de Godoy, F., Bermúdez, L., Fernie, A. R., … Carrari, F. (2010). Genomic Analysis of Wild Tomato Introgressions Determining Metabolism- and Yield-Associated Traits. Plant Physiology, 152(4), 1772-1786. doi:10.1104/pp.109.150532Kouassi, B., Prohens, J., Gramazio, P., Kouassi, A. B., Vilanova, S., Galán-Ávila, A., … Plazas, M. (2016). Development of backcross generations and new interspecific hybrid combinations for introgression breeding in eggplant ( Solanum melongena ). Scientia Horticulturae, 213, 199-207. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2016.10.039Li, H., Handsaker, B., Wysoker, A., Fennell, T., Ruan, J., … Homer, N. (2009). The Sequence Alignment/Map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics, 25(16), 2078-2079. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp352Lin, T., Zhu, G., Zhang, J., Xu, X., Yu, Q., Zheng, Z., … Huang, S. (2014). Genomic analyses provide insights into the history of tomato breeding. Nature Genetics, 46(11), 1220-1226. doi:10.1038/ng.3117Lynch, V. J., & Wagner, G. P. (2010). DID EGG-LAYING BOAS BREAK DOLLO’S LAW? PHYLOGENETIC EVIDENCE FOR REVERSAL TO OVIPARITY IN SAND BOAS (ERYX: BOIDAE). Evolution, 64(1), 207-216. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00790.xMammadov, J., Aggarwal, R., Buyyarapu, R., & Kumpatla, S. (2012). SNP Markers and Their Impact on Plant Breeding. International Journal of Plant Genomics, 2012, 1-11. doi:10.1155/2012/728398Martin, M. (2011). Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet.journal, 17(1), 10. doi:10.14806/ej.17.1.200Mason, A. S., Zhang, J., Tollenaere, R., Vasquez Teuber, P., Dalton-Morgan, J., Hu, L., … Batley, J. (2015). High-throughput genotyping for species identification and diversity assessment in germplasm collections. Molecular Ecology Resources, 15(5), 1091-1101. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.12379Meyer, R. S., Karol, K. G., Little, D. P., Nee, M. H., & Litt, A. (2012). Phylogeographic relationships among Asian eggplants and new perspectives on eggplant domestication. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 63(3), 685-701. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.02.006Miz, R. B., Mentz, L. A., & Souza-Chies, T. T. (2007). Overview of the phylogenetic relationships of some southern Brazilian species from section Torva and related sections of «spiny Solanum» (Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae). Genetica, 132(2), 143-158. doi:10.1007/s10709-007-9156-3Nairismägi, M.-L., Tan, J., Lim, J. Q., Nagarajan, S., Ng, C. C. Y., Rajasegaran, V., … Ong, C. K. (2016). JAK-STAT and G-protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways are frequently altered in epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma. Leukemia, 30(6), 1311-1319. doi:10.1038/leu.2016.13Nguyen, L.-T., Schmidt, H. A., von Haeseler, A., & Minh, B. Q. (2014). IQ-TREE: A Fast and Effective Stochastic Algorithm for Estimating Maximum-Likelihood Phylogenies. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 32(1), 268-274. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu300Pailles, Y., Ho, S., Pires, I. S., Tester, M., Negrão, S., & Schmöckel, S. M. (2017). Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Two Tomato Species from the Galapagos Islands. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00138Herraiz, F. J., Blanca, J., Ziarsolo, P., Gramazio, P., Plazas, M., Anderson, G. J., … Vilanova, S. (2016). The first de novo transcriptome of pepino (Solanum muricatum): assembly, comprehensive analysis and comparison with the closely related species S. caripense, potato and tomato. BMC Genomics, 17(1). doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2656-8Plazas, M., Andújar, I., Vilanova, S., Gramazio, P., Herraiz, F. J., & Prohens, J. (2014). Conventional and phenomics characterization provides insight into the diversity and relationships of hypervariable scarlet (Solanum aethiopicum L.) and gboma (S. macrocarpon L.) eggplant complexes. Frontiers in Plant Science, 5. doi:10.3389/fpls.2014.00318Plazas, M., Vilanova, S., Gramazio, P., Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., Fita, A., Herraiz, F. J., … Prohens, J. (2016). Interspecific Hybridization between Eggplant and Wild Relatives from Different Genepools. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 141(1), 34-44. doi:10.21273/jashs.141.1.34Poplin, R., Ruano-Rubio, V., DePristo, M. A., Fennell, T. J., Carneiro, M. O., Van der Auwera, G. A., … Banks, E. (2017). Scaling accurate genetic variant discovery to tens of thousands of samples. doi:10.1101/201178Razali, R., Bougouffa, S., Morton, M. J. L., Lightfoot, D. J., Alam, I., Essack, M., … Negrão, S. (2018). The Genome Sequence of the Wild Tomato Solanum pimpinellifolium Provides Insights Into Salinity Tolerance. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01402Robinson, D. F., & Foulds, L. R. (1981). Comparison of phylogenetic trees. Mathematical Biosciences, 53(1-2), 131-147. doi:10.1016/0025-5564(81)90043-2Rodriguez, F., Wu, F., Ané, C., Tanksley, S., & Spooner, D. M. (2009). Do potatoes and tomatoes have a single evolutionary history, and what proportion of the genome supports this history? BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9(1), 191. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-191Sakata, Y., & Lester, R. N. (1997). Euphytica, 97(3), 295-301. doi:10.1023/a:1003000612441Sakata, Y., Nishio, T., & Matthews, P. J. (1991). Chloroplast DNA analysis of eggplant (Solanum melongena) and related species for their taxonomic affinity. Euphytica, 55(1), 21-26. doi:10.1007/bf00022555Särkinen, T., Bohs, L., Olmstead, R. G., & Knapp, S. (2013). A phylogenetic framework for evolutionary study of the nightshades (Solanaceae): a dated 1000-tip tree. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 13(1), 214. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-214Scaglione, D., Pinosio, S., Marroni, F., Di Centa, E., Fornasiero, A., Magris, G., … Morgante, M. (2019). Single primer enrichment technology as a tool for massive genotyping: a benchmark on black poplar and maize. Annals of Botany, 124(4), 543-551. doi:10.1093/aob/mcz054Scheben, A., Batley, J., & Edwards, D. (2017). Genotyping-by-sequencing approaches to characterize crop genomes: choosing the right tool for the right application. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 15(2), 149-161. doi:10.1111/pbi.12645Scolnick, J. A., Dimon, M., Wang, I.-C., Huelga, S. C., & Amorese, D. A. (2015). An Efficient Method for Identifying Gene Fusions by Targeted RNA Sequencing from Fresh Frozen and FFPE Samples. PLOS ONE, 10(7), e0128916. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128916Semagn, K., Babu, R., Hearne, S., & Olsen, M. (2013). Single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping using Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP): overview of the technology and its application in crop improvement. Molecular Breeding, 33(1), 1-14. doi:10.1007/s11032-013-9917-xSim, S.-C., Van Deynze, A., Stoffel, K., Douches, D. S., Zarka, D., Ganal, M. W., … Francis, D. M. (2012). High-Density SNP Genotyping of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Reveals Patterns of Genetic Variation Due to Breeding. PLoS ONE, 7(9), e45520. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045520Syfert, M. M., Castañeda-Álvarez, N. P., Khoury, C. K., Särkinen, T., Sosa, C. C., Achicanoy, H. A., … Knapp, S. (2016). Crop wild relatives of the brinjal eggplant (Solanum melongena): Poorly represented in genebanks and many species at risk of extinction. American Journal of Botany, 103(4), 635-651. doi:10.3732/ajb.1500539(2012). The tomato genome sequence provides insights into fleshy fruit evolution. Nature, 485(7400), 635-641. doi:10.1038/nature11119Thomson, R. C., & Shaffer, H. B. (2010). Sparse Supermatrices for Phylogenetic Inference: Taxonomy, Alignment, Rogue Taxa, and the Phylogeny of Living Turtles. Systematic Biology, 59(1), 42-58. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp075Tranchida-Lombardo, V., Mercati, F., Avino, M., Punzo, P., Fiore, M. C., Poma, I., … Grillo, S. (2018). Genetic diversity in a collection of Italian long storage tomato landraces as revealed by SNP markers array. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 153(2), 288-297. doi:10.1080/11263504.2018.1478900Vilanova, S., Manzur, J. P., & Prohens, J. (2011). Development and characterization of genomic simple sequence repeat markers in eggplant and their application to the study of diversity and relationships in a collection of different cultivar types and origins. Molecular Breeding, 30(2), 647-660. doi:10.1007/s11032-011-9650-2Vorontsova, M. S., Stern, S., Bohs, L., & Knapp, S. (2013). African spinySolanum(subgenusLeptostemonum, Solanaceae): a thorny phylogenetic tangle. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 173(2), 176-193. doi:10.1111/boj.12053Weese, T. L., & Bohs, L. (2010). Eggplant origins: Out of Africa, into the Orient. TAXON, 59(1), 49-56. doi:10.1002/tax.591006Tan, M. H., Gan, H. M., Schultz, M. B., & Austin, C. M. (2015). MitoPhAST, a new automated mitogenomic phylogeny tool in the post-genomic era with a case study of 89 decapod mitogenomes including eight new freshwater crayfish mitogenomes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 85, 180-188. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.02.009Wiens, J. J., & Morrill, M. C. (2011). Missing Data in Phylogenetic Analysis: Reconciling Results from Simulations and Empirical Data. Systematic Biology, 60(5), 719-731. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr025Williams, C. E., & Clair, D. A. S. (1993). Phenetic relationships and levels of variability detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of cultivated and wild accessions of Lycopersicon esculentum. Genome, 36(3), 619-630. doi:10.1139/g93-083Zheng, X., Levine, D., Shen, J., Gogarten, S. M., Laurie, C., & Weir, B. S. (2012). A high-performance computing toolset for relatedness and principal component analysis of SNP data. Bioinformatics, 28(24), 3326-3328. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bts60

Disuguaglianze di genere e attività domestiche

Il contributo analizza il tempo dedicato al lavoro domestico di uomini e donne utilizzando l'indagine Istat sull'Uso del Tempo del 2008/2009. L'analisi è condotta su un sotto-campione di 2930 coppie, coniugate e conviventi, con donne occupate di 20-49 anni. Nel rapporto vengono presentati i risultati di un'analisi multivariata allo scopo di valutare gli effetti di alcune caratteristiche individuali e di coppia sul tempo dedicato alle attività domestiche da uomini e donne alla luce di alcuni approcci teorici presenti in letteratura. Dai risultati emerge che nell’allocazione del tempo dedicato alle attività domestiche, l’istruzione ha un effetto opposto negli uomini e nelle donne: queste ultime lo riducono mentre gli uomini lo aumentano rispetto a chi ha basse credenziali educative. Inoltre, laddove le donne contribuiscono in misura maggiore al reddito familiare rispetto ai loro partner, il tempo dedicato al lavoro domestico aumenta per gli uomini e si riduce per le donne, corroborando alcune delle ipotesi formulate a partire dalla teoria delle risorse relative. Al contrario, i maggiori gap di genere si evidenziano nelle coppie meridionali e in quelle in cui la donna lavora part-time

We Must Draw a Different Future! Insights from the Frontline Anti-Violence Work During the Pandemic in Italy

In this article we analyze the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the Italian anti-violence system, through the eyes of the pratictioners of anti-violence centers, who are historically at the forefront in supporting women survivors of male violence. Their perspective is particularly relevant because, in Italy, anti-violence centers hold a "borderline" position, which lies between the political role of transformation and that of an actor of the private social provider of an 'essential' public service. On the basis of international recommendations, our analysis distinguishes two main areas of intervention on which national policies have been called to intervene: on one side, the protection of women victims of violence, and on the other their empowerment. Analyzing either official statistics and data collected through an online survey addressed to the practitioners of anti-violence centers during the lockdown, we highlight strengths and weaknesses of the policy measures implemented in Italy from their situated perspective, with reference both to the protection and the empowerment of survivors.<br /

Gender inequality at home when mothers work. The case of Italy

This article focuses on the gender gap in housework and childcare in Italian couples, one of the widest in Europe. Italian women still carry out three-quarters of domestic work and two-thirds of childcare. Following a considerable amount of literature, we focus on three possible theoretical explanations for the persistence of the gendered division of labor: time availability, relative resources, and conformity with traditional gender ideology. Time Use data from the 2008/09 Survey edition have been used: we considered couples, married or in consensual unions, with at least one child under 14 years of age and with the mother employed. The amount of time spent by men and women on, respectively, domestic tasks and on caring for children has been modeled as a function of several couples and household characteristics. Similarly, we analyzed the women’s share of total time for housework and childcare, respectively, as dependent variables. In order to take into account the truncated nature of the dependent variables a Tobit model has been used. Results show that the family division of work is heavily biased towards women, and it is only when they take on the role of breadwinner that the amount of time their unemployed male partners spend on domestic tasks increases. Generally, when the financial resources of women are greater than those of men, they reduce the time spent on housework and gender asymmetry decreases. With regard to childcare, the gender gap is significantly reduced only when the man is unemployed and in territorial contexts where the gender system and ideology are less traditional

L’uso del tempo degli italiani e il processo d’invecchiamento

L’invecchiamento della popolazione italiana marcia a grandi passi e lo farà ancor più nel prossimo futuro, quando si presenteranno alla soglia dell’età anziana le ampie generazioni nate durante il baby-boom degli anni Sessanta del secolo scorso. L’impatto di questa parte crescente di popolazione costituisce una sfida per la nostra società, una sfida che sarà vinta solo se si sarà in grado di cogliere le modifiche intervenute nelle caratteristiche della popolazione in età avanzata, nelle sue potenzialità, nei suoi modelli di vita. A partire da alcuni degli stereotipi sull’anzianità e la vecchiaia, rappresentate come fasi della vita caratterizzate da solitudine, mancanza di interessi e scarsa partecipazione alla vita sociale, il presente contributo studia il caso italiano indagando la quotidianità degli individui di 60 anni e più. L’obiettivo è quello di individuare alcuni dei fattori che, oltre all’età, incidono sullo stile di vita della popolazione anziana. Lo studio è stato condotto sui dati dell’indagine Istat sull’Uso del Tempo 2008-09, a partire da una concettualizzazione delle attività quotidiane che distingue comportamenti più e meno attivi. I risultati evidenziano che, contrariamente alla rappresentazione stereotipata, gli anziani non costituiscono una categoria sociale al suo interno omogenea e che l’invecchiamento non procede in maniera lineare con l’età. Rispetto ad una giornata tipo, una prima evidente discontinuità si realizza con l’uscita dal mondo del lavoro, mentre ulteriori cesure possono essere identificate a seconda del tipo di attività. Ad esempio, è dopo i 70 anni che si riducono maggiormente le attività di tipo sociale e di tempo libero attivo (volontariato, partecipazione religiosa, visite a parenti e amici, etc.), mentre è nella classe di età 75-79 che si osserva un più marcato allontanamento dalle attività di cura familiare. Si evidenzia inoltre che l’età cronologica non è il solo fattore che interviene nel processo di invecchiamento e che a questa si associano il genere e il tipo di famiglia in cui vive l’anziano, il livello di istruzione, lo stato di salute e le condizioni economich