Radiographic Evaluation of Root Canal Treatment Performed by Undergraduate Students, Part I; Iatrogenic Errors

Introduction: The root canal preparation is an important stage in the undergraduate teaching and must be handled with care. Iatrogenic mishaps may occur during this procedure which might compromise the success of endodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to determine, the frequency of iatrogenic errors in endodontic treatments provided by undergraduate dental students at the School of Dentistry of Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Brazil. Methods and Materials: Radiographic records of 511 anterior teeth and pre-molars with endodontic treatment performed by undergraduate students, between 2012 and 2014 were randomly chosen. The final sample consisted of radiographic records of 397 teeth endodontically treated and were evaluated by using the projection of radiographic images. Iatrogenic errors that were detected in root filled teeth included: apical perforation, root perforation, furcation perforation, strip perforation, presence of fractured instruments, ledge and zip. Then they were classified, according to the absence or presence of iatrogenic errors, as adequate or inadequate. Results: According to the results, 7.3% of the teeth were inadequate, and there was no statistically significant difference among the groups of anterior teeth, incisors, or canines (P>0.05). A ledge was present in 6.54% of root canals, a zip in 0.75% of root canals, and only one root canal presented a fractured instrument. In teeth with moderate curvature, the root curvature was a factor that possibly influenced the occurrence of the ledge (P<0.05). Conclusion: The majority of root canal preparations showed a low occurrence of iatrogenic errors.Keywords: Dental Student; Endodontics; Errors; Iatrogenic; Radiography; Root Canal Therap

Perspectivas Futuras em Terapias Imunomoduladoras para Psoríase uma análise abrangente

This scientific review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis on Future Perspectives in Immunomodulatory Therapies for Psoriasis. Given the complexity and variability of this dermatological condition, it becomes crucial to thoroughly examine the available therapeutic approaches for a more effective understanding of this clinical challenge. Psoriasis, with its diverse clinical presentations, demands a holistic evaluation of available therapies, ranging from IL-23 inhibitors to lifestyle interventions, offering a complete overview of the current landscape. Not only does it highlight the diversity of available therapeutic approaches, but the review also emphasizes the crucial importance of personalization and early intervention. Recognizing the different manifestations of psoriasis and individual patient responses, the study underscores how therapeutic strategies tailored to the specific characteristics of each individual are essential to optimize outcomes. This personalization not only takes into account the uniqueness of each patient but also underscores the need for an integrative and multifaceted approach to psoriasis treatment. By exploring the latest findings and developments in this field, this study goes beyond consolidating existing information, aiming to foster a critical reflection on current therapeutic practices in psoriasis. In doing so, it provides valuable insights for healthcare professionals, researchers, and patients, fostering a deeper understanding of therapeutic strategies and contributing to the ongoing improvement of the quality of life for individuals with psoriasis.Esta revisão científica proporciona uma análise abrangente e atualizada sobre as Perspectivas Futuras em Terapias Imunomoduladoras para Psoríase. Diante da complexidade e variabilidade dessa condição dermatológica, torna-se crucial examinar detalhadamente as abordagens terapêuticas disponíveis para uma compreensão mais eficaz desse desafio clínico. A psoríase, com sua diversidade de apresentações clínicas, demanda uma avaliação holística das terapias disponíveis, desde os inibidores de IL-23 até intervenções no estilo de vida, oferecendo um panorama completo do cenário atual. Não apenas se destaca a diversidade de abordagens terapêuticas disponíveis, mas a revisão enfatiza a importância crucial da personalização e da intervenção precoce. Reconhecendo as diferentes manifestações da psoríase e as respostas individuais dos pacientes, o estudo ressalta como estratégias terapêuticas adaptadas às características específicas de cada indivíduo são essenciais para otimizar os resultados. Essa personalização não apenas leva em conta a singularidade de cada paciente, mas também sublinha a necessidade de uma abordagem integrativa e multifacetada para o tratamento da psoríase. Ao explorar as últimas descobertas e desenvolvimentos nessa área, este estudo vai além da consolidação de informações existentes, buscando promover uma reflexão crítica sobre as práticas terapêuticas atuais em psoríase. Ao fazê-lo, oferece insights valiosos para profissionais de saúde, pesquisadores e pacientes, fomentando uma compreensão mais profunda das estratégias terapêuticas e contribuindo para a contínua melhoria da qualidade de vida dos indivíduos com psoríase

URBAN SOUTHERN HOUSE WREN (TROGLODYTES MUSCULUS) NESTING IN APPARENTLY UNSUITABLE HUMAN-MADE STRUCTURES: IS IT WORTH IT?

Free-living birds in cities interact with humans and human-made objects. Here, we investigated whether nesting in human-made structures that are physically unstable and prone to frequent human intervention benefits urban Southern House Wrens (Troglodytes musculus). First, we describe the behavior of individuals that repeatedly attempted to nest in a motorcycle helmet (an unsuitable structure) based on ad libitum observations and camera trapping. We also reviewed nesting records of this wren throughout Brazilian cities deposited in crowdsourcing citizen science platforms, such as Wiki Aves, eBird, and iNaturalist. During our field study, in November and December 2019, wrens attempted to build a nest in the helmet for 8 days. Each attempt was interrupted by the removal of the helmet. We recorded 103 videos of nesting activity, including 3 days of high nest-building effort (up to 68 twigs deposited inside the helmet within a 6-h period) and high territory-defense efforts. Both of these behaviors were sometimes followed by one of four types of vocalizations (contact call, complete song, incomplete song, or sub-song). We found 372 Southern House Wren nesting records in online citizen science datasets: 100 were in urban areas with 86 nests built on 24 different human-made structures. Most nests (n = 71) were in what we deemed as stable structures (safe from human intervention) and 34 of them (47.8%) likely bred successfully (i.e., fledglings present). Only seven nests were built on unstable and unsafe structures, and four (57.1%) of these had sufficient evidence of successful nesting. Although nesting in unsuitable places in cities is less-frequent, their breeding success is comparable with nesting in suitable places. Therefore, the nesting of Southern House Wren in human-made structures might benefit the species, even if they eventually become ecological traps due the risk of human intervention. Our study adds knowledge about the life history of the species in urban environments

The Fungal Phytotoxin Alternariol 9‑Methyl Ether and Some of Its Synthetic Analogues Inhibit the Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain

Alternariol and monomethylalternariol are natural phytotoxins produced by some fungal strains, such as <i>Nimbya</i> and <i>Alternaria</i>. These substances confer virulence to phytopathogens, yet no information is available concerning their mode of action. Here we show that in the micromolar range alternariol 9-methyl ether is able to inhibit the electron transport chain (IC₅₀ = 29.1 ± 6.5 μM) in isolated spinach chloroplasts. Since its effectiveness is limited by poor solubility in water, several alternariol analogues were synthesized using different aromatic aldehydes. The synthesized 6<i>H</i>-benzo­[<i>c</i>]­cromen-6-ones, 5<i>H</i>-chromene­[4,3-<i>b</i>]­pyridin-5-one, and 5<i>H</i>-chromene­[4,3-<i>c</i>]­pyridin-5-one also showed inhibitory properties, and three 6<i>H</i>-benzo­[<i>c</i>]­cromen-6-ones were more effective (IC₅₀ = 12.8–22.8 μM) than the lead compound. Their addition to the culture medium of a cyanobacterial model strain was found to inhibit algal growth, with a relative effectiveness that was consistent with their activity <i>in vitro</i>. In contrast, the growth of a nonphotosynthetic plant cell culture was poorly affected. These compounds may represent a novel lead for the development of new active principles targeting photosynthesis