The Effects of Leadership Style on Students Performance

The organization of the leader has to be ready in all aspects of activities to lead effectively.  Similarly, department heads are responsible for promoting good teaching and learning practices among teachers and students. This study was aimed to examine which leadership style used by Natural and computational college of Debre Berhan University and the relationship between the leadership style and college effectiveness in students' performance. The sample were 95 females and 125 males; 16 administrators (college head, associate deans, coordinators, department heads, and officers), and 24 student monitors with  available sampling, and  out of 312 teachers,180 with simple random sampling. The researchers used questionnaires, focused group discussion and observation to collect data.  The data was analyzed employed both qualitative and quantitative analysis and a descriptive survey design. The overall result indicated that transformational leadership and autocratic styles were highly applied than the remaining leadership wo leadership styles because its components are (0.895,0.7140 and 0.887,0.674) respectively revealed that these are the main components in leading the college while others are used moderately and rarely. It was also revealed that the selected college students and workers perform reasonably better. Moreover, both teachers and students were satisfied with their college leaders that indicated that the performance of teachers and students is the direct reflection of leadership styles. It was recommended that the college head and his subordinate coordinators should improve their way of transformational and autocratic leadership style since they were found as the best factor of student performance. Keywords: leadership styles, student performance, University education, University context DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-34-03 Publication date: December 31st 202

Development and Application of Spatially Parameterized Depth Duration Frequency Model for Estimation of Design Rainfall for Oromia State, Ethiopia

The magnitude and frequency of extreme rainfall events are required for planning, design and operation of many hydrological and water resources projects. Design rainfall depth is often used to estimate the severity and rarity of floods in areas where flow records are not sufficient enough to warrant direct flood estimation. The design of hydraulic structures on un-gauged streams and creeks, such as bridges, culverts, spillways, water harvesting and flood defense mechanisms depends upon proper estimation of extreme rainfall events. Quantification of design rainfall is generally done by using information contained in Depth-Duration-Frequency (DDF) relationships. Depth Duration Frequency relationships are currently constructed based on at site frequency analysis of rainfall data separately for different durations. These relationships are not accurate and reliable since they depend on assumptions such as distribution selection for each duration; they require a large number of parameters, experience intensive equations and regionalization is also very poor and coarse. In this study a DDF model with gridded set of parameters is developed for estimation of point rainfall frequencies for a range of duration for any location in Oromia regional state. A DDF model was fitted to series of annual maxima and its parameters were determined by a least squares method and these parameters were interpolated and mapped on a 1km grid. The model allows for a parsimonious and efficient parameterization of DDF relationships, and its performance is shown to improve the reliability and robustness of design storm predictions as compared with those achievable by interpolating the quantile predictions of extreme rainfall data for specific durations. Moreover, design rainfall estimates found from the scaling DDF model are comparable to estimates obtained from traditional techniques; however, the scaled approach was more efficient and gives more reliable estimate compared with the observed rainfall depth at all stations

Investigating the Scaling Properties of Extreme Rainfall Depth Series in Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Depth Duration Frequency (DDF) relationships are currently constructed based on at site frequency analysis of rainfall data separately for different durations. These relationships are not accurate and reliable since they depend on assumptions such as distribution selection for each duration; they require a large number of parameters, experience intensive equations and regionalization is also very poor and coarse. In this study, scaling properties of extreme rainfall depth series were examined to establish scaling behavior of statistical moments and quantile estimates over different durations. The annual extreme series of precipitation maxima for storm duration ranging from 0.5 to 24 hr observed at network of rain gauges sited in Oromia regional state were analyzed using an approach based on moments. The analysis investigated the statistical properties of rainfall extremes and detected that the statistics of the rainfall extremes follows a power law relation with its duration. Moreover, the variations of the distribution parameters with durations of annual maximum rainfall depth series were explored and found that the logEV1, EV1 and logistic distribution parameters exhibit a power law relationship with durations. Following the analysis, scale invariance of extreme rainfall depth series is investigated and dissipative (multiple scaling) nature of extreme rainfall depth series is considered, thus introducing a general distribution free framework to develop Depth Duration frequency (DDF) model.Keywords: Scaling Properties Depth Duration Frequency Rainfall Depth Series Multiple Scalin

Investigating Scale, Rainfall-runoff Sequences and Bmp Effects on Phosphorus, Runoff and Sediment Yield

Scale effects on phosphorus (P) loss and runoff depth from pastures were investigated by summarizing water quality data from 19 research projects. Spatial (area) and temporal (days after litter application) scales ranged from 0.5 to 80000 msup#2/sup# and 1 to 355 days, respectively. (2)Rainfall-runoff sequence (RRS) effects on dissolved reactive P (DRP) in runoff from pastures were studied in a greenhouse experiment using a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of soil test P (STP), surface application of poultry litter, and RRS. (3)Impacts of two best management practice (BMP) and land use change scenarios (strip-cropping, terrace, forestation) on runoff and sediment yield from the Legedadi Reservoir watershed in central Ethiopia were assessed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool model. (1)Spatial scale had significant effects on runoff depth, DRP and total P (TP) concentration, DRP and TP load from pastures. Exceptions were DRP and TP concentration from control pastures. DRP and TP load increBiosystems and Agricultural Engineerin

Spatial pattern of perinatal mortality and its determinants in Ethiopia: Data from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016.

BACKGROUND: The perinatal mortality rate in Ethiopia is among the highest in Sub Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to identify the spatial patterns and determinants of perinatal mortality in the country using a national representative 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data. METHODS: The analysis was completed utilizing data from 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. This data captured the information of 5 years preceding the survey period. A total of 7230 women who at delivered at seven or more months gestational age nested within 622 enumeration areas (EAs) were used. Statistical analysis was performed by using STATA version 14.1, by considering the hierarchical nature of the data. Multilevel logistic regression models were fitted to identify community and individual-level factors associated with perinatal mortality. ArcGIS version 10.1 was used for spatial analysis. Moran's, I statistics fitted to identify global autocorrelation and local autocorrelation was identified using SatSCan version 9.6. RESULTS: The spatial distribution of perinatal mortality in Ethiopia revealed a clustering pattern. The global Moran's I value was 0.047 with p-value <0.001. Perinatal mortality was positively associated with the maternal age, being from rural residence, history of terminating a pregnancy, and place of delivery, while negatively associated with partners' educational level, higher wealth index, longer birth interval, female being head of household and the number of antenatal care (ANC) follow up. CONCLUSIONS: In Ethiopia, the perinatal mortality is high and had spatial variations across the country. Strengthening partner's education, family planning for longer birth interval, ANC, and delivery services are essential to reduce perinatal mortality and achieve sustainable development goals in Ethiopia. Disparities in perinatal mortality rates should be addressed alongside efforts to address inequities in maternal and neonatal healthcare services all over the country

Incidence and predictors of chronic kidney disease among patients with diabetes treated at governmental hospitals of Harari Region, eastern Ethiopia, 2022

BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. However, limited evidence is available about its incidence and predictors in Ethiopia, specifically in the Harari region.MethodsA retrospective follow-up study was conducted among 520 diabetes patients who followed their treatment at governmental hospitals in the Harari region between 1 September 2012, and 30 May 2022. The risk of developing CKD was calculated with a 95% CI, and the risk was stratified by type of diabetes mellitus. Predictors of CKD were determined using the Gompertz regression model with the baseline Cox model.ResultsData from 494 patients were included in the final analysis with 26 (5%) excluded. A total of 51 patients (10.32%) developed CKD over the 10-year follow-up period with an incidence rate of 2.16 cases (95% CI 1.64–2.84) per 100 person-years of observation. The risk of CKD was increased by three times (AHR: 3.09, 45 95% CI: 1.56, 6.14) among patients older than 60 years and by more than three times (AHR: 3.53, 95% CI: 1.43, 8.71) among patients with diabetes mellitus for longer than 5 years of stay with the diabetes mellitus. Moreover, the risk of CKD was increased four-fold among patients with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels &lt;40 mg/dL (AHR: 3.84, 95% CI, 1.80–8.18) and those with positive baseline proteinuria (AHR: 3.77, 95% CI: 1.43–8.71).ConclusionWe found that one in ten diabetic patients had developed CKD within 10 years of the diabetes mellitus diagnosis. Advanced age, longer duration of diabetes, lower baseline HDL-C level, and proteinuria had increased the hazards of developing CKD. We recommend a more focused follow-up of older adult patients with advanced disease status at baseline for optimal control of diabetes mellitus that prevents its furthering to CKD

RNA-Seq Provides Novel Genomic Resources for Noug (Guizotia abyssinica) and Reveals Microsatellite Frequency and Distribution in Its Transcriptome

Genomic resources and tools are essential for improving crops and conserving their genetic resources. Guizotia abyssinica (noug), an outcrossing edible oilseed crop, has highly limited genomic resources. Hence, RNA-Seq based transcriptome sequencing of 30 noug genotypes was performed to generate novel genomic resources and assess their usefulness. The genotypes include self-compatible and self-incompatible types, which differ in maturity time, photoperiod sensitivity, or oil content and quality. RNA-Seq was performed on Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform, and the transcript was reconstructed de novo, resulting in 409,309 unigenes. The unigenes were characterized for simple sequence repeats (SSRs), and served as a reference for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) calling. In total, 40,776 SSRs were identified in 35,639 of the 409,309 unigenes. Of these, mono, di, tri, tetra, penta and hexanucleotide repeats accounted for 55.4, 20.8, 21.1, 2.3, 0.2, and 0.2%, respectively. The average G+C content of the unigenes and their SSRs were 40 and 22.1%, respectively. The vast majority of mononucleotide repeat SSRs (97%) were of the A/T type. AG/CT and CCA/TGG were the most frequent di and trinucleotide repeat SSRs. A different number of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were discovered in each genotype, of which 1,687 were common to all 30 genotypes and 5,531 to 28 of them. The mean observed heterozygosity of the 5,531 SNPs was 0.22; 19.4% of them had polymorphism information content above 0.30 while 17.2% deviated significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P < 0.05). In both cluster and principal coordinate analyses, the genotypes were grouped into four major clusters. In terms of population structure, the genotypes are best represented by three genetic populations, with significant admixture within each. Genetic similarity between self-compatible genotypes was higher, due to the narrow genetic basis, than that between self-incompatible genotypes. The genotypes that shared desirable characteristics, such as early maturity, and high oil content were found to be genetically diverse, and hence superior cultivars with multiple desirable traits can be developed through crossbreeding. The genomic resources developed in this study are vital for advancing research in noug, such as genetic linkage mapping and genome-wide association studies, which could lead to genomic-led breeding

INTENSITY OF INTESTINAL PARASITE INFESTATION IN A SMALL FARMING VILLAGE, NEAR LAKE TANA, ETHIOPIA

ABSTRACT: Of the 806 people in Gebaba Village, 192 were examined for intestinal parasites. The overall prevalence was 61% .The mean intensity of infestation for A. lumbrcoides generally fell with age. Of the total nematode egg counts, 41% was harboured by children below 10 years of age. The cure rate with a single dose of levamisole (ketrax) for A. lumbrcoides was 94% and for T. trichiura and Hookworm 100%. The study has an important implication in understanding the epidemiology of intestinal parasites and in the design of community based control programmes. [Ethiop. Health Dev. 1993;7(1):27-31