Mimari Habitusun Eşiği Olarak İlk Yıl Mimari Tasarım Stüdyoları

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OsEUL lectin gene expression in rice : stress regulation, subcellular localization and tissue specificity

The Euonymus lectin (EUL) family is a unique group of carbohydrate-binding proteins that is omnipresent in plants. Sequences encoding EUL-related lectins have been retrieved from all completely sequenced plant genomes. The rice (Oryza sativa) genome contains 5 functional EUL genes referred to as OsEULS2, OsEULS3, OsEULD1a, OsEULD1b, and OsEULD2. In this study we focused on the tissue specific expression, stress inducibility and subcellular localization of the rice EULs. Even though the EUL domain sequence is highly conserved among the rice EULs (at least 80% sequence similarity) different biotic and abiotic stress treatments yielded unique responses for the different EULs. Transcript levels for OsEULs were differentially affected by drought and salt stress, ABA treatment, pathogen infection or insect infestation. Analysis of promoter activity revealed differential expression and tissue specificity for the 5 OsEUL genes, with most expression observed in the vascular system of roots and shoots, as well as in the root tips and seeds. At cell level, all OsEULs are located in the nucleus whereas OsEULD1b and OsEULD2 also locate to the cytoplasm. This paper contributes to the functional characterization of the EULs and provides insight in the biological importance of this family of proteins for rice

Effect of RIP overexpression on abiotic stress tolerance and development of rice

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a class of cytotoxic enzymes that can inhibit protein translation by depurinating rRNA. Most plant RIPs are synthesized with a leader sequence that sequesters the proteins to a cell compartment away from the host ribosomes. However, several rice RIPs lack these signal peptides suggesting they reside in the cytosol in close proximity to the plant ribosomes. This paper aims to elucidate the physiological function of two nucleocytoplasmic RIPs from rice, in particular, the type 1 RIP referred to as OsRIP1 and a presumed type 3 RIP called nuRIP. Transgenic rice lines overexpressing these RIPs were constructed and studied for developmental effects resulting from this overexpression under greenhouse conditions. In addition, the performance of transgenic seedlings in response to drought, salt, abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate treatment was investigated. Results suggest that both RIPs can affect methyl jasmonate mediated stress responses

Effect of activated carbon produced from biochar on removal of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid from aqueous solutions

701-708The toxicity of pesticides and their degradation products is making these chemical substances a potential hazard by contaminating our environment. Therefore, the removal of pesticides from water is one of the major environmental concerns these days. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) belonging to the herbicide group, which is among the numerous pesticides used today, is widely used to control weeds due to its low cost and good selectivity. In order to offer an alternative to this environmental problem, the effect of activated carbon obtained by chemical activation from pyrolysis biochar on 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid removal from aqueous solutions has been investigated. The adsorption mechanism is explained by analyzing the effect of adsorption parameters. It is determined that the equilibrium data are suitable for Langmuir isotherm model among the applied isotherm models and the monolayer adsorption capacity is 344.83 mg g-1 at 318 K. The adsorption kinetics data of 2,4-D on activated carbon is better defined by the pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic calculations reveal that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. The activated carbon obtained from biochar has been observed to have a high adsorption capacity compared to adsorbent materials obtained from many other raw materials for the removal of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid

Determination of knowledge level on hygiene of the employees working in catering enterprises

stanbul piyasasında, hazır yemek üretimi yapan isletmelerde çalısanların, hijyen bilgi düzeylerinin ölçülmesi amacıyla yapılan arastırmada, 452 personele yüz yüze sorma yöntemiyle 21 soruluk anket formu uygulanarak, çalısanların egitim ve hijyen bilgi düzeyleri belirlenmeye çalısılmıstır. Arastırmada personelin çogunun erkek oldugu (%69,02), ögrenim durumlarına bakıldıgında; %45,1’inin ilkokul, %49,5’inin ortaögrenim ve %5,3’ünün üniversite mezunu oldugu ortaya çıkmıstır. Meslekte geçen hizmet sürelerinin 1-5 yıl arasında yogunlastıgı (%43,4) ve yarıdan fazlasının hijyen egitimi aldıgı (%58,4) belirlenmistir. Çalısanların %3,5’inin gıda zehirlenmelerinin belirtilerini bilmedikleri, %79’6’sının dıskı kökenli bakteri olarak E.coli’yi bilmedikleri tespit edilmistir. Hijyen egitimi alan personelin almayan personele oranla, daha bilgili oldugu ancak hijyen egitimi alan personelin de yeterli bilgi düzeyine sahip olmadıgı belirlenmistir. Uygulamadaki bu mevcut eksikliklerin düzeltilmesi için en etkili yolun, hizmet içi egitim programları ile çalısanların egitilmesi ve resmi kuruluslarca etkin bir gıda kontrolünün yapılması gerektigi sonucuna varılmıstır.The education and hygiene levels of the employees were tried to be determined in a study that aimed to measure the knowledge of hygiene levels of employees who work in the package food business by carrying out a survey of 21 questions to 452 employees with face to face questioning method. When the education levels that the majority of the employees were males (%69,02) examined, it was found out that %45,1 of them were graduated from primary school, %49,5 were graduated from high school and %5,3 of them were graduated from university. The length of their service in the business majored on 1 to 5 years (%43,4) and more than half of the employees got hygiene training (%58,4). It was ascertained that %3,5 of the employees do not know the poisoning signs and %79,6 of the employees do not know E.coli as a type of bacteria that lives in people’s intestines. The employees who got hygiene training are more knowledgeable in comparison with the employees who didn’t get hygiene training, however, it was determined that the employees who got hygiene training, do not have the necessary level of knowledge still. It was concluded that in order to fix the present deficiencies inputting into practice, the best solution is to train the employees with in-service training and an effective food control should be carried out by government agencies

Deprem bölgesinde mekanın üretimi: Düzce'de üç konut etkinliği

This thesis is about the processes and attitudes behind building production as it is about architecture as such, and it aims at understanding architecture̕s critical capacity and its relation to wider society. In this context, the differing attitudes and orientations in the construction of the residential environments in Düzce after the two unsettling earthquakes that took place in 1999 are believed to provide a study field, where the relationship between architecture and different economic, political and cultural structures that constitute civil society can be examined. Against this backdrop, our discussion will concentrate on the specific housing concerns and solutions proposed by three different groups, namely: ءSolidarity Houses Project̕ realized by the villagers of Gölyaka, settlement proposal for Gölyaka prepared by the Project Implementation Unit of Prime Ministry and the struggle of the Düzce Depremzedeler Derneği for tenants̕ rights. The examination of these case studies will be based on our reading of Henri Lefebvre̕s ءProduction of Space̕ and particularly his analytical categories: physical, mental and social space. The relation between this theoretical framework and the case studies will be a reciprocal one, in which the analysis on the three examples of house production will both utilize the analytical framework and be an instrument for understanding it. Although considered separately, the concepts we discuss in each chapter are inextricably interwoven. At the end what we aim to outline is a more total picture of the character of the redevelopment processes after the 1999 Marmara earthquakes and represent architectural practice in its complexity.M.Arch. - Master of Architectur

Nikotin tercih eden sıçan soyları ve kontrollerinde empati benzeri davranışın incelenmesi

Giriş/Amaç: Bağımlılık tüm dünyanın en önemli sağlık sorunlarından biridir; bu sorun sadece bağımlı kişiyi değil çevresi ve toplumu da etkilemektedir. Bu tezin amacı; genetik olarak bağımlılığa yatkın bir soydan gelmenin ve bağımlılık yapan ajanın direkt etkilerinin empati ilişkili davranışları nasıl etkilediğini ortaya koymaktır. Bağımlılık yapan bir ajan olan nikotinin; sosyal etkileşimi ve insanlar arası ilişki kurulması için oldukça önemli olan, empati ile ilişkisini araştırmak, bağımlılığın insanlar arasındaki etkileşime olan etkilerini anlamak ve tedavi stratejilerinin geliştirilmesine katkıda bulunmaktır. Metod: Sprague–Dawley cinsi kontrol (10 erkek/10 dişi) ve nikotin tercih eden (T) (10 erkek/ 10 dişi) sıçanlar kullanılmıştır. 11 günlük empati eğitimi ardından empati ve anksiyete (açık alan ve yükseltilmiş artı labirent) testleri uygulanmıştır. Bazal değerlendirmeden sonra 6 hafta süren zorlu oral nikotin (50 mg/L) uygulaması sırasında haftada bir kez empati hatırlatma deneyleri yapılmıştır. 6. hafta empati ve anksiyete testleri tekrar edilmiştir. Sıçanlar davranış testlerinin tamamlanmasından 1 saat sonra dekapite edilerek kan ve beyin (prefrontal korteks ve amigdala) örnekleri toplanmıştır. Kanda kotinin ve kortikosteron, beyinde ADH ve oksitosin reseptörü seviyeleri ELİSA ile saptanmıştır. Sonuçlar SPSS paket programı kullanılarak ANOVA ile değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma, bağımlı bir soydan gelmenin ve bağımlılık yapan ajanın empati benzeri davranışı etkileyebileceği hipotezine dayanmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda empati davranışında: kapağı açma zamanı ve kan kotinin (nikotin metaboliti), kortikosteron (stres göstergesi) beyin dokusu oksitosin ve vazopressin düzeyleri davranış deneylerinde anksiyete düzeylerinin değişkenlik gösterebileceği varsayılmıştır. Bulgular/Sonuçlar: Nikotin soyundan gelen erkeklerin tüm diğer gruplardan farklı olarak kapağı daha uzun sürede açtığını göstermektedir. Nikotin uygulaması sonuçlarda anlamlı bir değişikliğe neden olmamıştır. Fakat soy ve cinsiyet düzeylerinde anlamlı olarak saptanmıştır. Bağımsız değişken olarak grup alınarak yapıldığında gruplar farklı saptanmıştır. Sadece nikotin soyundan gelen erkekler diğer gruplardan farklı olarak saptanmıştır. Lokomotor aktivite (LA) kontrol dişiler diğer gruplardan farklı olarak saptanmıştır. Kontrol dişiler tüm gruplardan daha hareketli olarak saptanmıştır. Anksiyete testlerinde anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır. Nikotin tercih eden sıçanların kotinin düzeyleri daha yüksek olarak saptanmıştır. Nikotin tercih eden sıçanların kortikosteron düzeyleri de daha yüksek olarak saptanmıştır. Beyin bölgelerinde prefrontal korteks (PFK) ve amigdalada, antidiüretik hormon (ADH) ve oksitosin reseptör seviyelerinde anlamlı farklılaşmaya rastlanmamıştır. Cinsiyet farkı p= 0,059 düzeyinde olup anlamlı düzeye ulaşmamıştır. Sonuç olarak bağımlı bir soydan gelmek empati benzeri davranışı özellikle erkeklerde azalttığı saptanmıştır.Introduction/Purpose: Addiction is one of the most important health problems in the whole world; This problem affects not only the addicted person, but also the environment and society. The aim of this thesis is to reveal how the direct effects of genetically addictive lineage and the addictive agent affect empathy-related behaviors. Nicotine, an addictive agent; is to investigate the relationship with empathy, which is very important for social interaction and establishing interpersonal relationships, to understand the effects of addiction on interaction between people and to contribute to the development of treatment strategies. Method: Sprague-Dawley control (10 males/10 females) and nicotine-preferring (NP) (10 males/10 females) rats were used. After 11 days of empathy training, empathy and anxiety (open field and elevated plus maze) tests were performed. After the assessment of basal behavior, empathy reminder experiments were performed once a week during the 6-week forced oral nicotine (50mg/L) administration. At the 6th week, empathy and anxiety tests were repeated. Rats were decapitated 1 hour after the completion of behavioral testing. Blood and brain samples (prefrontal cortex and amygdala) were collected. Blood cotinine and corticosterone levels and brain ADH and oxytocin receptor levels were determined by ELISA. The results were evaluated with ANOVA using the SPSS package program. The research is based on the hypothesis that descent from an addicted ancestry and the addictive agent can influence empathy-like behavior. Accordingly, in empathy behavior: time to open the lid and blood: cotinine (nicotine metabolite), corticosterone (Stress Indicator) levels of oxytocin and vasopressin in brain tissue, it was assumed that anxiety levels may vary in behavioral experiments. Findings/Results: It shows that males from nicotine lineage open the lid in a longer time, unlike all other groups,. Nicotine administration did not cause any significant changes in results. However, ancestry and gender levels were found to be significant. The groups were found to be different when the group was taken as the independent variable. Only males of nicotine lineage we found to be different from other groups. Locomotor activity (LA) control females were determined differently from other groups. Control females were found to be more mobile than all groups. No significant difference was found in anxiety tests cotinine levels were found to be higher in nicotine-preferring rats. As with cotinine levels, corticosterone levels in rats that preferred nicotine were also found to be higher than. No significant differentiation was found in the levels of PFC and amygdala ADH and oxytocin receptors in brain regions. The gender difference was at the level of p= 0.059 and did not reach a significant level. As a result, it was determined that coming from a dependent lineage decreased empathy-like behavior especially i in males

Nesiller boyu oral nikotin alımının spasyal öğrenmeye etkileri

Sigara kullanımı insan sağlığı açısından zararlı sonuçları olan bir bağımlılıktır. Sigara dumanındaki temel bağımlılık yapıcı madde nikotindir. Nikotin bağımlılığına duyarlılıkta bireysel farklılıklar bulunmaktadır. Nikotinin bağımlılık yapma mekanizmalarının anlaşılması, yeni tedavi stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi için büyük önem taşımaktadır. İnsanlarda olduğu gibi hayvanlarda da bağımlılık genetik yatkınlıkla çok ilişkilidir ve ciddi bireysel farklılıklar göstermektedir. Bu özellikten yararlanarak nikotine duyarlı ve dirençli soylar geliştirmek üzere seçici tohumlama yöntemi geliştirilmiştir. Oral yolla serbest erişimli nikotine maruz bırakılan sıçanlar tükettikleri nikotinin miktarına göre az içenler ve çok içenler olarak ayrılmış (kararsızlar çalışma dışında bırakılmıştır) ve kendi aralarında çiftleştirilmişlerdir. Nikotin tercihinin az ve çok olduğu 10 nesile ulaşılmıştır. Bu tezde 10 nesile ulaşılan nikotin tercih eden ya da etmeyen sıçan soylarında nikotin vermeksizin naive sıçanda lokomotor aktivite, spasyal öğrenme ve bağımlılık yanıtını araştıran şartlı yer tercihi deneylerinde davranışsal bir fark olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Üç ayını dolduran yavrular spontan lokomotor aktivite deneylerine alınmıştır. Aktivite ölçme kafesleriyle tanıştırılan sıçanlar iki gün üst üste otuzar dakikalık seanslarda aktivite ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Bir hafta dinlendirilen sıçanlara daha sonra su tankında yer öğrenme deneyleri uygulanmıştır. Bir hafta dinlendirilen sıçanlar şartlı yer tercihi deneylerine alınmışlardır. Bazal spontan lokomotor aktivite ölçümlerinde ailesi nikotin alan sıçan gruplarının tümünün kontrollerden daha hareketli olduğu, görülmüştür. Su tankı yer öğrenme deneylerinde hem cinsiyetin hem nikotin kullanımın yer öğrenme performansını etkilediği görülmüştür. Fakat strateji tercihlerinde bir değişim saptanmamıştır. Şartlı yer tercihi deneylerinde de nikotine duyarlı soylarda (çok tüketen) şartlı yanıtta artma bulunurken nikotine dirençli (az tüketen) soylarda ise aversif bir yanıta neden olduğu görülmüştür. Sıçanlar nikotin alımlarına göre istatistiğe alındığında kafes geçişlerinde ve tekrarlayan hareketlerde istatistiksel anlamlı farklılaşma görülmüştür. Tüm hayvanlarımız ilerleyen günlerde platformu daha kısa sürede bulmuşlar yani su tankından kurtulmak için görünür platforma yüzmeleri gerektiğini öğrenmişlerdir. Platformun suyun altında gizli olarak bulunduğu 4-8-12. günlerin verilerine benzer istatistik uygulandığında yine günlerin istatistiksel anlamlı olduğu, yani deney hayvanları gizli platformun yerini spasyal olarak bulmayı öğrenmiştir. Tüm hayvanlarımız ilerleyen günlerle platformu daha kısa mesafe yüzerek bulmuşlar yani su tankından kurtulmak için görünür platforma yüzmeleri gerektiğini öğrenmişlerdir. Deney hayvanları platformun yerini öğrendikçe daha hızlı yüzmüşlerdir. Ayrıca su tankına alıştıkları ve stresleri azaldığı için daha az donma davranışı göstermeleri de bu anlamlılığın ortaya çıkmasına yardımcı olmuştur. Çalışmamızda kullanılan CPP düzeneğinden elde edilen sonuçlar, tütün kullanımı ve nikotin bağımlılığında görülen bireysel farklılıkları yansıtmaktadır. Yapılan istatistiksel değerlendirme, kontrol grubunun yanı sıra nikotin tercih eden ve nikotin tercih etmeyen olarak isimlendirilen ve nikotinin ödül ve pekiştirme özelliklerinden farklı yönde etkilenen iki grubun var olduğunu kanıtlamaktadır. Sonuç olarak nesiller boyunca verilen nikotinin, kendileri hiç nikotin ile karşılaşmayan yavruların spontan lokomotor aktivitelerini artırdığı, özellikle dişilerde öğrenmeyi ve hafızayı bozduğu ve nikotini fazla tercih eden soyların da nikotin bağımlılığına olan yatkınlığında artış olduğu belirlenmiştirSmoking is an addiction with detrimental effects on society. Nicotine is the addictive component of tobacco and underlies the addictive properties of tobacco use. Understanding the mechanisms of nicotine addiction for the development of new therapeutic strategies is of great importance. Like humans, animals also illustrates individual differences associated with genetic predisposition to addiction is very serious. This feature by taking advantage of nicotine-sensitive and-resistant strains to develop selective seeding method has been developed. Nicotine exposed rats with free access to oral drinkers and drinkers as compared to the amount of nicotine they consume very less separated (undecided excluded) and mating among themselves. How nicotine and a lot less choice of 10 was reached. In this thesis, without giving a rat offspring reached 10 generations of nicotine locomotor activity in rats who prefer nicotine in naive or not, social learning and behavioral choice experiments investigating the response of conditional dependency investigated whether there is a difference. The cubs who will complete three months, spontaneous locomotor activity experiments were taken. Introduced rats cages with activity measurement activity measurements were made on two consecutive days in a three minute session. After being rested for a week, the rats in the water tank experiments and then applied to learning. A week after being rested for the conditional choice experiments in rats have taken. Basal measurements of nicotine in rat spontaneous locomotor activity than the control field, the family is moving all of the groups was observed. Both gender and learning place learning in the water tank experiments, it was observed that nicotine use affects performance. But a change in the choice of strategy was not detected. Conditional place preference experiments, nicotine-sensitive soybean (very consuming), while the conditional response has increased in nicotine-resistant (consume less) in the lineage of aversif it has been seen that cause a response. When rats received nicotine intake according to their statistics in the cage crossings and repetitive movements statistically significant differentiation was observed. All our animals in a shorter period of the platform in the coming days so they found that they must swim to a visible platform to escape from the water tank they have learned. The platform hidden under the water where there is 4-8-12. again similar to the data of the day of days when applied statistical statistically significant, the location of the experimental animals learned to find the hidden platform socially. The following day swim the short distance to the platform with all our animals so they found that they must swim to a visible platform to escape from the water tank they have learned. Experimental animals learn the location of the platform quicker as you are stranded. Also they get used to the water tank, and the stress is reduced, because the emergence of this significance should show less freezing behavior and has helped. The mechanism used in our study reflect individual differences in tobacco use and nicotine dependence results from CPP. Statistical evaluation of the control group and nicotine nicotine and nicotine reward and reinforcement, as well as from the properties of inte preferring preference called in different directions proves that there are two groups of people affected. As a result, through the generations given nicotine, no nicotine not faced with the increase in spontaneous locomotor activity of the pups, especially the descendants of nicotine addiction and nicotine disrupt learning and memory in females who prefer a more determined that there is an increase in susceptibility to

Türk Mimarlığı'nda çevre söylemi

Thesis (Doctoral)--İzmir Institute of Technology, Architecture, İzmir, 2014Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 171-182)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and Englishviii, 210 leavesSince the 1960s environmental discourse has entered into architectural theory and practice in effective ways, inducing disciplinary transitions in all three categories: artefacts, knowledge and practices. This dissertation emphasizes the discursive character of this “environmental turn” in architecture and aims to make explicit its significance for Turkey. To that end, the dissertation reviews four Turkish architectural periodicals covering a time span of 49 years from 1963 to 2012. The data is then used for tracing of the formation of the discourse on environmental architecture in Turkey by illustrating how certain concepts and themes arose at specific time periods and their transformations in time. In that context, the dissertation emphasizes three concepts – environment, sustainability and energy-efficiency- and in revisiting these in a sequential and overlapping fashion a general outlook of the conditions in which the discourse on environmental architecture have emerged is sketched. Such an analysis reveals the transformation of environmental considerations from that of radical reflections to legitimate concerns in Turkey. Yet, it also displays that this “legitimation” is based on an unquestioned “givenness” of the objects and statements of the discourse. This, in return, creates a speculative basis of legitimacy removing it from its social and economic contexts. This study has taken on this challenge by emphasizing the system of formulating the problems –namely the “problematic” of the discourse as its main concern. In that context, it first of all presents the analysis of the mechanisms in which environment has risen as an important problem of architecture in Turkey, and secondly, reveals the relations of this process to the nature of solutions proposed. In the end, by emphasizing the taken-for-granted assumptions and generalizations inherent in the discourse on environmental architecture in Turkey, the dissertation aims to open up for new avenues in which new formulization of the problems could emerge