Transport électrique dans les nanotubes de carbone et leurs dérivés fonctionnalisés

Les nanotubes de carbone forment une structure quasi-unidimensionnelle de diamètre nanométrique, dont les propriétés mécaniques et électroniques, en particulier leur remarquable conductivité électrique, présentent un grand potentiel pour la conception de dispositifs électroniques. Les nanotubes fonctionnalisés, c’est-à-dire dont la paroi a été chimiquement modifiée, présentent aussi un intérêt majeur pour leur mise en œuvre facilitée et pour la formation d’une interface active entre le nanotube et l’environnement, cette dernière étant essentielle pour la conception de nanocapteurs chimiques et biologiques. La présente thèse porte sur l’étude des mécanismes gouvernant le transport électrique dans les nanotubes de carbone et leurs dérivés fonctionnalisés. Les travaux, de nature expérimentale, ont été réalisés sur des dispositifs électroniques constitués d’un nanotube individuel monoparoi ou biparoi, additionné de groupes fonctionnels au besoin. En première partie, on s’intéresse à l’effet de la dimensionnalité sur les mécanismes d’injection des porteurs de charge au niveau des contacts électriques avec le nanotube. En seconde partie, on étudie l’effet de la fonctionnalisation covalente sur les propriétés de transport électrique des nanotubes, et on montre notamment que l’impact de l’addition des greffons varie fortement selon leur valence et qu’il est possible d’obtenir des nanotubes fonctionnalisés avec une bonne conductance. En troisième partie, on explore les phénomènes de saturation du courant et de claquage électrique survenant à haut voltage. Enfin, on discute de l’impact des résultats obtenus sur l’avancement de la compréhension des mécanismes de transport électrique dans les systèmes hautement confinés, ainsi que des perspectives fondamentales et technologiques ouvertes par ces travaux.Carbon nanotubes are highly promising for building electronic devices because of their quasi-unidimensional nanometer-sized geometry, and their mechanical and electronic properties, including their remarkable electrical conductance. Their functionalized derivatives, in which the nanotube sidewall is chemically modified, are also interesting for their better processability and for creating a chemically active interface between the nanotube and the environment, which is essential for applications such as nanosensors or biosensors. In this thesis, we study the mechanisms governing electrical transport in carbon nanotubes and their functional derivatives. Our experimental work was performed on electronic devices made of individual single-walled or double-walled carbon nanotubes, with or without functional adducts. In the first part, we focus on the effect of reduced dimensionality on the physics of charge injection at electrical contacts. In the second part, we study the effect of covalent functionalization on carbon nanotubes electrical transport properties. We show that the impact of chemical addition is strongly dependent on graft valence, and that it is possible to produce covalently functionalized carbon nanotube devices with excellent electrical conductance. In the third part, we explore current saturation and electrical breakdown phenomena occurring at high bias. Finally, the impact of our results on the global understanding of electrical transport in highly confined systems is discussed, along with fundamental and technological perspectives unveiled by our work

Long-term atmospheric exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 and breast cancer risk in a case-control study nested in the French E3N cohort from 1990 to 2011

International audienc

Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Breast Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Current evidence of an association of breast cancer (BC) risk with air pollution exposure, in particular from traffic exhaust, remains inconclusive, and the exposure assessment methodologies are heterogeneous. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) and BC incidence (PROSPERO CRD42021286774). We systematically reviewed observational studies assessing exposure to TRAP and BC risk published until June 2022, available on Medline/PubMed and Web of Science databases. Studies using models for assessing exposure to traffic-related air pollutants or using exposure proxies (including traffic density, distance to road, etc.) were eligible for inclusion. A random-effects meta-analysis of studies investigating the association between NO2/NOx exposure and BC risk was conducted. Overall, 21 studies meeting the inclusion criteria were included (seven case–control, one nested case–control, 13 cohort studies); 13 studies (five case–control, eight cohort) provided data for inclusion in the meta-analyses. Individual studies provided little evidence of an association between TRAP and BC risk; exposure assessment methods and time periods of traffic emissions were different. The meta-estimate on NO2 exposure indicated a positive association (pooled relative risk per 10 µg/m3 of NO2: 1.015; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.003; 1.028). No association between NOx exposure and BC was found (three studies). Although there was limited evidence of an association for TRAP estimated with proxies, the meta-analysis showed a significant association between NO2 exposure, a common TRAP pollutant marker, and BC risk, yet with a small effect size. Our findings provide additional support for air pollution carcinogenicity

Patterning Superatom Dopants on Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

This study describes a new and simple approach to dope two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) using the superatom Co₆Se₈(PEt₃)₆ as the electron dopant. Semiconducting TMDCs are wired into field-effect transistor devices and then immersed into a solution of these superatoms. The degree of doping is determined by the concentration of the superatoms in solution and by the length of time the films are immersed in the dopant solution. Using this chemical approach, we are able to turn mono- and few-layer MoS₂ samples from moderately to heavily electron-doped states. The same approach applied on WSe₂ films changes their characteristics from hole transporting to electron transporting. Moreover, we show that the superatom doping can be patterned on specific areas of TMDC films. To illustrate the power of this technique, we demonstrate the fabrication of a lateral p–n junction by selectively doping only a portion of the channel in a WSe₂ device. Finally, encapsulation of the doped films with crystalline hydrocarbon layers stabilizes their properties in an ambient environment