Studies on the Conversion Cyclic Aldehyde to Aromatic Amine by Reductive Amination

Amines have broadly applied in the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries, which cause intense research for developing efficient methods to produce primary, secondary and tertiary amines in organic synthesis. N, N-dimethyl tertiary amines are useful as catalysts which are buffers on the analysis of peptides and proteins. This transformation proceeds via an active C-N bond, and the most attractive method to produce amines is the reductive amination of carbonyl compounds. This method involves two steps, the condensation of aldehyde and the subsequent imine hydrogenation in the presence of a hydrogen donor. The synthesis of a catalytic, light-driven process for the reductive amination of native Biomass in the presence of heat is considered. Use of amide as the nitrogen donor and reductant require high temperature. Materials containing zirconium are used as superionic conductors in oxygen sensors, fuel links, and as catalysts of secondary generation. The catalysts applied in environmental protection, petrochemistry, electrocatalysis, polymerization, etc. Zirconium dioxide is an essential component of the Lambda probe (oxygen sensor) and a significant component of catalysts used in fume purification (three-way catalysts (TWC)) for catalytic fuel combustion, etc. Zirconium dioxide can be applied in the catalysis as a single unit or as a component of compound catalysts. Zirconium dioxide characterized by high chemical resistance is stable at a wide temperature range. It possesses both acidic and basic centers. Its properties enable surface processes as a mechanism of bifunctional acid-base catalysis. The number of acidic and basic centers can be changed using proper preparations in ZrO2 synthesis. All polymorph types of ZrO2 are used in catalysis. In this study, the researcher developed in the presence of a heterogeneous zirconium-based catalyst in which N, N-dimethylformamide at 180°C was used as the solvent, a low molecular weight amine source and a reductant. Aromatic tertiary amines, 3,4-dimethoxy, N, N-dimethyl benzylamine have been produced from starting materials lignin-derived from grass aromatic aldehydes via the Leuckart reaction using ZrO2 as a catalyst. Approximately 94% yield of the tertiary amines were achieved over a straightforward step for the preparation. The reusability of Zirconium dioxide as a catalyst for the system was studied by using the same zirconium for the conversion of Veratraldehyde to tertiary amine at 600°C for 4h by consecutive addition of Veratraldehyde in six catalytic cycles. The catalyst remains active for the six periods with an 86% yield. All results were fully characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Infrared (IR) spectroscopy

重力崩壊型超新星におけるニュートリノ集団振動とその発生条件

早大学位記番号:新8386早稲田大

Carbon management and scenario planning at the landscape scale with GIS

Carbon Management and Scenario Planning at the Landscape Scale with GIS By: Shabnam Delfan Azari It is now widely believed that globally averaged temperatures will rise significantly over the next 100 years as a result of increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide. Responses to the threat of future climate change are both adaptations to new climate conditions, and mitigation of the magnitude of change. Mitigation can be achieved both through reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and by increasing storage of carbon in the earth system. In particular it is thought that there is potential for increased storage of carbon on land in soils and growing vegetation. There is now a need for research on the potential impacts of changing land use on terrestrial carbon storage, in particular as rapid land use and land cover change has taken place in most of regions of world over the past few decades due to accelerated industrialization, urbanization and agricultural practice. This thesis has developed a novel methodology for estimating the impacts of land use and land cover change (LULCC) on terrestrial carbon storage using Geographic Information Systems and Optimization modelling, using a regional case study (the Tamar Valley Catchment, southwest England) and drawing entirely on secondary data sources (current distributions of soils and vegetation). A series of scenarios for future land cover change have been developed, for which carbon storage, GHG and energy emissions amount have been calculated over the short, medium and long term (2020, 2050 and 2080). Results show that in this region, improving permanent grassland and expanding forestry land are the best options for increasing carbon storage in soils and biomass. The model has been validated using sensitivity analysis, which demonstrates that although there is uncertainty within the input parameters, the results remain significant when this is modelled within the linear programme. The methodology proposed here has the potential to make an important contribution to assessing the impacts of policies relating to land use at the preparation and formulation stages, and is applicable in any geographic situation where the appropriate secondary data sources are available.Self-funde

A study on anti-diabetic and anti-hypertension herbs used in Lorestan province, Iran

Introduction: Diabetes and hypertension are amongst the most prevalent diseases in the world, while they can be controlled and prevented, create many problems and complications for affected patients. This study was aimed to identify and report the most important and effective herbs for diabetes and high blood pressure treatment in Lorestan province (West of Iran). Methods: By gathering and integrating indigenous data from local inhabitants of Lorestan, Iran, the goal of this study was accomplished. Data were gathered by cooperation of the agents of public health services network all over the towns of Dorud, Boroujerd, Khorramabad, Aleshtar, Poledokhtar, Aligoodarz, Nurabad and Kouhdasht. Results: Results of this study showed that there were overall 17 medicinal plants which were used for treatment and controlling of diabetes and high blood pressure. Conclusion: Medicinal plants reported in this study are indigenous to the Lorestan province. Some of the foresaid herbs seem to have some unknown therapeutic effects which are reported in this study for the first time, and some others have various known therapeutic effects mentioned in other similar studies. It is essential for researchers to find out the actuality of clinical effectiveness of the herbs and their active substances. Once the positive effects of these herbs proved, it would be possible to produce drugs which are useful in curing and controlling diabetes and hypertension.</p

The effect of Satureja khuzestanica on triglyceride, glucose, creatinine and alkaline phosphatase activity in rat

زمینه و هدف: مرزه یا ساتوریا خوزستانیکا (Satureja khuzestanica) از گیاهان بومی ایران می باشد که به طور گسترده ای در نواحی جنوبی کشور به ویژه استان لرستان وجود دارد و در طب سنتی دارای مصارف پزشکی، از جمله فعالیت ضد درد و عفونت می باشد. در مطالعات قبلی مشاهده گردید که این گیاه باعث کاهش معنی دار وزن در موشهای مورد آزمایش شده است. بر همین اساس بر آن شدیم اثرات دم کرده و اسانس روغنی این گیاه را روی وزن بدن، دریافت غذا و فاکتورهای لیپیدی، قندی، پروتئینی، الکترولیت ها و آنزیم های کبدی در رت بررسی کنیم. روش بررسی: این مطالعه تجربی است که در سال 1382 در مرکز تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی لرستان انجام شد. دم کرده گیاه مزبور به مقادیر 75، 150 و 250 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم از راه خوراکی به مدت سه هفته به ترتیب برای حیوانات در سه گروه تجویز شد و در گروه چهارم، اسانس روغنی گیاه در آب خوراکی به میزانppm 1000 حل و تجویز گردید. در عین حال برای گروه کنترل هیچگونه گیاهی تجویز نشد. وزن حیوانات و میزان دریافت آب و غذای آنها بصورت روزانه ثبت گردید و در پایان 3 هفته فاکتورهای خونی و آنزیم های کبدی در سرم این حیوانات اندازه گیری شد. داده ها با آزمون ANOVA یکطرفه و بدنبال آن آزمون Tukey با یکدیگر مقایسه گردید و در بعضی گروهها که توزیع داده ها نرمال نبود از آزمون من ویتنی استفاده شد. یافته ها: میزان تری گلیسرید سرمی در گروه اسانس روغنی )92/3±15/43 میلی گرم بر دسی لیتر) نسبت به گروه کنترل (03/8±99/89 میلی گرم بر دسی لیتر) تفاوت معنی دار داشت (001/0

High Frequency Power Converters (A Low-profile Low-Power Flyback Converter using Coreless Planar Printed Circuit Board Transformer)

Abstract : Magnetic cores have been used in transformers in most of power converters for over a century.Core-less PCB transformers have the advantages of low costs, very high power density, no limitation due to magnetic cores, no magnetic loss and ease of manufacturing. They have the potential to be developed in microcircuits. Coreless printed transformers have great potential in applications in which stringent height and space requirements have to be met. This paper is concerned by introduction, modeling, analysis, a historical view and an experiment on coreless printed circuit board (PCB) transformers. The high frequency capability, high reliability and the low profile structure make these transformers a viable and attractive option for reliable mega hertz switching con-verters and micro circuits

The Relation Between Topological Ordering and Adjacency Matrix in Digraphs

Abstract. In this paper the properties of node-node adjacency matrix in acyclic digraphs are considered. It is shown that topological ordering and node-node adjacency matrix are closely related. In fact, first the one to one correspondence between upper triangularity of node-node adjacency matrix and existence of directed cycles in digraphs is proved and then with this correspondence other properties of adjacency matrix in acyclic digraphs are presented

High intensity interval exercise alters muscle IL-18, FNDC5, and hepatic MMPs in animal model of steatosis: Evidence of skeletal muscle—liver crosstalk

Steatosis is a common disease worldwide. High intensity interval training (HIIT) may ameliorate steatosis, possibly through interactions between skeletal muscle and liver; however, mechanistic pathways are poorly understood. We aimed to determine potential mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle-liver crosstalk by measuring the gene expression of skeletal muscle interlukin-18 (IL-18) and fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) and hepatic matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and 9 (MMP-9). Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four group including normal control (C), high intensity interval training (HIIT), hepatic steatosis+ HIIT (HS+HIIT) and sedentary hepatic steatosis (SHS). HIIT was performed 5 days per week for 5 weeks. Tetracycline (140 mg/kg) was administered by gavage for 7 days to induce NAFLD. We found that HIIT and HS+HIIT increased skeletal muscle expression of FNDC5 relative to SHS group but the increase was attenuated in HS+HIIT. SHS increased muscle IL-18 expression relative to HIIT, HS+HIIT, and C. Expression of hepatic MMP-2 and MMP-9 increased significantly in SHS in comparison with C. There was a significant increase in MMP-9 in HIIT compared with C. Moreover, hepatic MMP-9 expression decreased in both HIIT and SHS+HIIT relative to SHS. MMP-2 decreased significantly in HIIT compared with SHS. Furthermore, muscle IL-18 gene expression was significantly associated with gene expression of hepatic MMP-2 and MMP-9. We conclude that HIIT-induced alteration of skeletal muscle-derived myokines may alter the gene expression of hepatic matrix metalloproteinases, collagenases involved in pathogenesis of liver diseases. Furthermore, steatosis may possibly influence myokine profiles in skeletal muscle. Accordingly, skeletal muscle-liver crosstalk is possibly targeted by HIIT and steatosis in terms of therapeutic approach