Factors affecting the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, with special reference to vitamin D

There is increasing evidence that vitamin D may influence several non-skeletal conditions, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, cancer, autoimmune disorders and infectious diseases. Vitamin D is among the few vitamins that can be produced by the skin in response to ultraviolet B radiation. Vitamin D is also a prohormone that is converted to 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in the liver and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (a hormone) in the kidneys. In addition, vitamin D receptors are present in most tissues and cells in the body. Many tissues and cells, including, colon, prostate, pancreatic β-cells and macrophages, express the enzyme 1α-hydroxylase to locally produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, which has the potential to regulate a number of genes. The pleiotropic effect of vitamin D may favorably influence diabetes and cardiovascular health through multiple mechanisms, including downregulation of the renin-angiotensin system, enhancement of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, protection against angiogenesis and modulation of inflammatory processes. Epidemiological evidence suggests that vitamin D may reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and CVD. However, so far, studies found mixed results and data have been inconclusive. We aimed to investigate: 1) Whether low serum 25(OH)D concentrations predict the development of prediabetes and T2D; 2) The relationships between serum 25(OH)D concentration and established or emerging cardiovascular risk factors and risk of myocardial infarction (MI); 3) Serum 25(OH)D in relation to baseline severity and rate of progression of carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT); and 4) Whether vitamin D is causally implicated in CVD using vitamin D-associated genetic variants, serum 25(OH)D concentration and progression of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis. In Paper I, subjects aged 35-56 years, without known T2D, underwent a health examination, including measurements of weight, height and blood pressure (BP), an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed, and questionnaires covering life-style factors were answered at baseline and at follow-up. Serum 25(OH)D and serum insulin growth factor peptides were measured at baseline. Participants having prediabetes or T2D at follow-up 8-10 years later were selected as cases, age- and sex-matched to controls with normal glucose tolerance at both baseline and follow-up, in total 980 women and 1398 men. We found that high serum 25(OH)D concentrations predict reduced T2D risk in subjects having prediabetes but not in subjects with normal glucose tolerance. In Paper II, a total of 387 survivors of a first MI before the age of 60 and 387 sex- and age-matched controls were examined. Fasting blood samples, drawn three months after MI in cases and at the same time in matched controls, were used for biochemical analyses. Low 25(OH)D levels were associated with a range of cardiovascular risk factors but were not related to MI. Both Paper III and IV are based on the IMPROVE study, which is a European, multicentre, longitudinal cohort study that enrolled individuals aged 54 to 80 years, who had at least three cardiovascular risk factors and no history of CVD, from 7 centers in Finland, Sweden, the Netherlands, France, and Italy. Participants underwent carotid ultrasound examinations at baseline, month 15 and month 30. Blood samples, clinical data and information about life-style factors were collected at baseline from a total of 3,711 subjects, upwards of 900 of whom had diabetes. The results reported in Paper III demonstrated that levels of 25(OH)D differed across Europe and were not consistently, independently related to measures of cIMT. In Paper IV, we found one genetic variant (rs3829251) in the DHCR7 (7-dehydrocholesterol reductase) gene which influenced progression of cIMT in a manner dependent on T2D status but independent of 25(OH)D levels

Направления реализации образовательно-профилактической программы "Здоровую улыбку - детям" и их эффективность

СТОМАТОГНАТИЧЕСКИЕ БОЛЕЗНИ /профЗУБНЫХ БОЛЕЗНЕЙ ПРОФИЛАКТИКАДЕТИПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ СТОМАТОЛОГИ

Correction to: Severity of depression, anxious distress and the risk of type 2 diabetes - a population-based cohort study in Sweden

Abstract It was highlighted that the original article [1] contained an error in the flow chart in Fig. 1

Эволюция менталитета российской интеллегенции во времена революционных кризисов начала ХХ века

Материалы II междунар. науч. конф., 23-24 мая 2001 г

Whole-genome informed circulating tumor DNA analysis by multiplex digital PCR for disease monitoring in B-cell lymphomas: a proof-of-concept study

IntroductionAnalyzing liquid biopsies for tumor-specific aberrations can facilitate detection of measurable residual disease (MRD) during treatment and at follow-up. In this study, we assessed the clinical potential of using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of lymphomas at diagnosis to identify patient-specific structural (SVs) and single nucleotide variants (SNVs) to enable longitudinal, multi-targeted droplet digital PCR analysis (ddPCR) of cell-free DNA (cfDNA).MethodsIn 9 patients with B-cell lymphoma (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma), comprehensive genomic profiling at diagnosis was performed by 30X WGS of paired tumor and normal specimens. Patient-specific multiplex ddPCR (m-ddPCR) assays were designed for simultaneous detection of multiple SNVs, indels and/or SVs, with a detection sensitivity of 0.0025% for SV assays and 0.02% for SNVs/indel assays. M-ddPCR was applied to analyze cfDNA isolated from serially collected plasma at clinically critical timepoints during primary and/or relapse treatment and at follow-up.ResultsA total of 164 SNVs/indels were identified by WGS including 30 variants known to be functionally relevant in lymphoma pathogenesis. The most frequently mutated genes included KMT2D, PIM1, SOCS1 and BCL2. WGS analysis further identified recurrent SVs including t(14;18)(q32;q21) (IGH::BCL2), and t(6;14)(p25;q32) (IGH::IRF4). Plasma analysis at diagnosis showed positive circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) levels in 88% of patients and the ctDNA burden correlated with baseline clinical parameters (LDH and sedimentation rate, p-value <0.01). While clearance of ctDNA levels after primary treatment cycle 1 was observed in 3/6 patients, all patients analyzed at final evaluation of primary treatment showed negative ctDNA, hence correlating with PET-CT imaging. One patient with positive ctDNA at interim also displayed detectable ctDNA (average variant allele frequency (VAF) 6.9%) in the follow-up plasma sample collected 2 years after final evaluation of primary treatment and 25 weeks before clinical manifestation of relapse.ConclusionIn summary, we demonstrate that multi-targeted cfDNA analysis, using a combination of SNVs/indels and SVs candidates identified by WGS analysis, provides a sensitive tool for MRD monitoring and can detect lymphoma relapse earlier than clinical manifestation