La carte des 36 000 communes

La carte généralisée du maillage communal français, obtenue à partir d'un sondage spatial au quart, met en évidence des modèles régionaux caractérisés par des mailles inégalement fines. Cette division du territoire, héritée de la trame paroissiale, a été mise en mémoire par la création, en 1789, de l'institution communale. Seuls les travaux de géographie historique permettront de découvrir les mécanismes de sa mise en place à dater des Xe-XIe, voire des VIe et VIIe siècles

Interactive Virtual Training: Implementation for Early Career Teachers to Practice Classroom Behavior Management

Teachers that are equipped with the skills to manage and prevent disruptive behaviors increase the potential for their students to achieve academically and socially. Student success increases when prevention strategies and effective classroom behavior management (CBM) are implemented in the classroom. However, teachers with less than 5 years of experience, early career teachers (ECTs), are ill equipped to handle disruptive students. ECTs describe disruptive behaviors as a major factor for stress given their limited training in CBM. As a result, disruptive behaviors are reported by ECTs as one of the main reasons for leaving the field. Virtual training environments (VTEs) combined with advances in virtual social agents can support the training of CBM. Although VTEs for teachers already exist, requirements to guide future research and development of similar training systems have not been defined. We propose a set of six requirements for VTEs for teachers. Our requirements were established from a survey of the literature and from iterative lifecycle activities to build our own VTE for teachers. We present different evaluations of our VTE using methodologies and metrics we developed to assess whether all requirements were met. Our VTE simulates interactions with virtual animated students based on real classroom situations to help ECTs practice their CBM. We enhanced our classroom simulator to further explore two aspects of our requirements: interaction devices and emotional virtual agents. Interactions devices were explored by comparing the effect of immersive technologies on users\u27 experience (UX) such as presence, co-presence, engagement and believability. We adapted our VTE originally built for desktop computer, to be compatible with two immersive VR platforms. Results show that our VTE generates high levels of UX across all VR platforms. Furthermore, we enhanced our virtual students to display emotions using facial expressions as current studies do not address whether emotional virtual agents provide the same level of UX across different VR platforms. We assessed the effects of VR platforms and display of emotions on UX. Our analysis shows that facial expressions have greater impact when using a desktop computer. We propose future work on immersive VTEs using emotional virtual agents

Les noms du compagnon en gaulois

Namingconstruction in Gaulish is of IE type: a descriptive name in the form of a compound, followed by the patronym. This descriptive nature of names allows us to recover nominal stems of current usage. A certain number of Gaulish names attested in the epigraphic corpus must have had the meaning "companion". Various denominations of companions are found: companion of travel (road), of fate (destiny), of combats, of chants, of looting

Prasutagus

The name of the British king Prasutagus (Tacitus, Ann. 14.31) has not yet received a satisfactory etymology. A segmentation Pra-su-tagus led Pokorny to see in it a  «pre-Celtic Indo-European name». A bipartite segmentation Prasu-tagus and the comparison of the first member with British coin legends PRASV, PRASTO and Gaulish mortaria PRASSO allows us to reintegrate the name into the corpus of Old Celtic onomastics. The stem is *prastu- and the root *kwer- ‘to make, to create’, used metaphorically for the poetic creation and, by extension, for the practice of magic. The name Prasutagus denoted probably some sort of sacerdotal function : «Organiser of charms, spells, incantations ...» vel sim

Index de J. Whatmough, "The Dialects of Ancient Gaul"

Índice alfabético de los nombres propios recopilados por J. Whatmough en su libro The Dialects of Ancient Gaul

An electronic ratchet is required in nanostructured intermediate band solar cells

We investigate in this letter the intrinsic properties that have limited the efficiency of nanostructured intermediate band solar cells. Those devices take advantage of intra-band transitions, which occur on narrow energy width, and present low radiative recombination efficiency. We derive the minimum requirements in terms of those two characteristics to achieve efficiencies in excess of the Shockley-Queisser limit, and show that compatible nanostructures are challenging to obtain. Especially, we evidence that currently experimentally considered materials cannot overcome the best single junction cells. In order to solve those issues, we consider devices including an electronic ratchet mechanism. Firstly, such devices are shown to be much less sensitive on the limitations of the nanostructures characteristics, so that requirements for high efficiencies can be met. Secondly, we show that quantum well devices present advantages over their quantum dots counterparts, although they have attracted much less interest so far

Les comptes financiers de la Nation en 2010 : reprise du crédit et poursuite de la hausse des taux d’endettement.

En 2010, la reprise de la distribution du crédit bénéficie largement aux ménages. L’endettement des agents non financiers atteint un nouveau plus haut.Comptes financiers, agents non financiers, ménages, sociétés non financières, administrations publiques, sociétés d’assurance, OPCVM, établissements de crédit, non-résidents, financements et placements, endettement, dépôts, refinancement interbancaire, titres de créance, crédits, actions, titres d’OPCVM, assurance-vie, bons du Trésor, plan d’épargne-logement, contrats en euros/unités de compte.