Negozio giuridico

Nella tradizione del diritto civile l’espressione ‘negozio giuridico’ è impiegata per indicare gli atti di autonomia privata: quegli atti di disposizione mediante i quali i privati costituiscono diritti o ne dispongono. Essi possono anche definirsi atti innovativi, impegnativi o conformativi della realtà giuridica. La disciplina di tali atti si ricava, in mancanza di norme specifiche, da quella del contratto. L’omogeneità funzionale tra atto impegnativo e contratto è espressa dal limite della ‘compatibilità’ previsto dall’art. 1324 c.c

Sul regolamento di condominio

Muovendo dall’idoneità a vincolare in assenza di consenso che caratterizza i regolamenti privati, il contributo riflette sul regolamento di condominio, indagando, in particolare, la contrattualizzazione delle materie regolamentari di cui all’art. 1138 c.c., l’adozione delle tabelle millesimali, l’applicazione dell’art. 1341 c.c. al regolamento predisposto dal costruttore di unità abitative, le strutture associative con “carattere di realità” e, infine, il regolamento delegato

Cardiovascular risk assessment beyond Systemic Coronary Risk Estimation: a role for organ damage markers

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular risk assessment in the clinical practice is mostly based on risk charts, such as Framingham risk score and Systemic Coronary Risk Estimation (SCORE). These enable clinicians to estimate the impact of cardiovascular risk factors and assess individual cardiovascular risk profile. Risk charts, however, do not take into account subclinical organ damage, which exerts independent influence on risk and may amplify the estimated risk profile. Inclusion of organ damage markers in the assessment may thus contribute to improve this process. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the influence of implementation of SCORE charts with widely available indexes of organ damage, with the purpose to ameliorate individual risk assessment. METHODOLOGY: We searched www.Pubmed.gov for evidence about the predictive value of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), microalbuminuria (MAU) and metabolic syndrome on different risk profiles estimated by SCORE. Interventional and observational trials including at least 200 patients and published after 2000 were selected. RESULTS: The presence of organ damage as well as the number of abnormal parameters indicating organ damage is associated with increased cardiovascular risk, independently of SCORE. In the area of high risk, the impact of different markers of organ damage is heterogeneous. Combined risk models of SCORE and subclinical organ damage have major impact on risk stratification and may impact on recommendation in primary prevention in all SCORE categories. CONCLUSION: Available evidence suggests a tangible clinical advantage of adding the evaluation of simple organ damage markers to risk charts in cardiovascular risk prediction

Acute Delta Hepatitis in Italy spanning three decades (1991–2019): Evidence for the effectiveness of the hepatitis B vaccination campaign

Updated incidence data of acute Delta virus hepatitis (HDV) are lacking worldwide. Our aim was to evaluate incidence of and risk factors for acute HDV in Italy after the introduction of the compulsory vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in 1991. Data were obtained from the National Surveillance System of acute viral hepatitis (SEIEVA). Independent predictors of HDV were assessed by logistic-regression analysis. The incidence of acute HDV per 1-million population declined from 3.2 cases in 1987 to 0.04 in 2019, parallel to that of acute HBV per 100,000 from 10.0 to 0.39 cases during the same period. The median age of cases increased from 27 years in the decade 1991-1999 to 44 years in the decade 2010-2019 (p < .001). Over the same period, the male/female ratio decreased from 3.8 to 2.1, the proportion of coinfections increased from 55% to 75% (p = .003) and that of HBsAg positive acute hepatitis tested for by IgM anti-HDV linearly decreased from 50.1% to 34.1% (p < .001). People born abroad accounted for 24.6% of cases in 2004-2010 and 32.1% in 2011-2019. In the period 2010-2019, risky sexual behaviour (O.R. 4.2; 95%CI: 1.4-12.8) was the sole independent predictor of acute HDV; conversely intravenous drug use was no longer associated (O.R. 1.25; 95%CI: 0.15-10.22) with this. In conclusion, HBV vaccination was an effective measure to control acute HDV. Intravenous drug use is no longer an efficient mode of HDV spread. Testing for IgM-anti HDV is a grey area requiring alert. Acute HDV in foreigners should be monitored in the years to come

Obbligazione e dovere: contenuti e tutele

Non tutti i doveri giuridici rivelano i caratteri dell’obbligazione. Lo si coglie sotto diversi profili: nel contenuto del dovere giuridico, nel destinatario dello stesso, nelle conseguenze della violazione. Muovendo dalla sistematica normativa, il contributo indaga lessico e ambito del regime dell’obbligazione, per poi soffermarsi sul contenuto e i caratteri dell’obbligazione stessa, considerandone i rapporti con la responsabilità e il dovere, anche nelle ipotesi di obblighi senza creditore e doveri senza prestazione

Sobre as cláusulas de renegociação do contrato

A incidência sobre o contrato de circunstâncias supervenientes que superam a sua álea normal se resolve pela extinção, intangibilidade ou adaptação às novas circunstâncias. A adaptação pode depender ou prescindir de uma preexistente cláusula contratual. Quando os contraentes estabelecem uma cláusula para a incidência de superveniência, esta pode ser de adequação automática, solicitada a um terceiro ou por uma cláusula de renegociação. O pacto de renegociação apresenta pontos de problematização, sobretudo quando cabe às partes. Torna-se necessário, portanto, verificar e delinear o funcionamento da obrigação de renegociar, examinar os remédios contra o inadimplemento e enfrentar o problema do dano ressarcível, considerado como a perda de uma chance dimensionada à oportunidade que a parte beneficiada pela renegociação perdeu em decorrência do inadimplemento da outra. The incidence on the contract of supervening circumstances that surpass the normal agreement of the contract is resolved by extinction, intangibility, or adaptation to the new circumstances. The adaptation may depend on or dispense with a pre-existing contractual clause. When the contracting parties have established a clause for the incidence of supervenience, it may be an automatic suitability clause, a third party request or a renegotiation clause. The renegotiation pact presents problematization points, especially when that is a responsibility of the parties: so, it is necessary, therefore, to verify and outline how the obligation to renegotiate works, to examine the remedies against the defaulting and face the problem of ressarcible damage, considered as a loss of a chance scaled to the opportunity that the Party who was benefited by the renegotiation has lost as a result of the other Party’s default