Investigating how to achieve an Islamic state in the Islamic world

There has been a lot of theoretical discussion about how to achieve an Islamic state, and some Shiite movements have been formed to achieve it, but there was no news of it in practice. Ayatollah Khamenei, with his unparalleled efforts, has provided solutions for the formation of the Islamic State, while clarifying how the legitimacy of the Islamic State is and proving that the truth of religion is impossible except with the implementation of a religious government. Accordingly, this research, with a descriptive-analytical method and relying on the statements of Ayatollah Khamenei, seeks to examine how to achieve an Islamic state from His Holiness's point of view. Findings indicate that considering the current situation of Muslim societies that are planning and shaping the Islamic state and despite the forward movement of Islamic civilization, always provide obstacles to the formation of the Islamic state. Therefore, Ayatollah Khamenei considers the grounds for achieving an Islamic state to be attention to monotheism, pivotal governance, resistance, the existence of leadership, the production of thought, and economic advancement

Effective Factors in Hospitalization Costs of the Public Hospitals: A Qualitative Study

Introduction:Hospitals are the most expensive health care organizations. In this study, identifying factors influencing hospitalization costs based on the three aspects of the health system including patients, health care providers, and insurance organizations were considered. Methods:This was a qualitative and phenomenological study. In this study, 12 experts in the field of management and controlling hospital’s costs were selected through purposive and snowball sampling method. Data were collected using focused group discussion. Framework analysis was used for data analysis. Results:The factors affecting hospitalization costs were classified into three codes including patients, health care providers, and insurance organizations. Lack of knowledge and awareness and neglecting self-care were the main patient-related factors, and weak management and supervision, lack of medical guidelines, long-term recovery period, lack of implementation of family physician and weak commitments and structural problems of insurance organizations were the main factors related to the health care providers and insurance organizations. Conclusion:The results showed that by increasing and improving self- care programs, providing health-oriented services, implementation of family physician program, specializing the hospital management, improving the quantity and quality of supervisions and reforming expert structure of insurance organizations, the hospitalization costs can be managed. Key¬words:Hospitalization Costs, Patients, Health Care Providers, Insurance Organizations, Public Hospital, Qualitative Study. Citation:Jafari M, Lashkari M,Mahmoudi F, Dehnavi R, NooriHekmat S, Izadi A.Effective Factors in Hospitalization Costs of the Public Hospitals: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Health Based Research 2016; 2(1): 39-54

Venous function after pharmacomechanical thrombolysis for extensive iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis

Background: Chronic venous insufficiency is an important complication following iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis. Early thrombus removal may preserve venous function and prevent this complication. This study represents the largest reported South African series of pharmacomechanical thrombolysis for iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis to date. Objective: To evaluate the long-term outcome following pharmacomechanical thrombolysis for proximal and extensive deep venous thrombosis in a private, specialist vascular unit. Methods: All patients who underwent pharmacomechanical thrombolysis for iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis between August 2009 and January 2016 were invited to return for clinical assessment and venous ultrasound. Clinical findings were recorded according to the Villalta score and clinical, etiology, anatomic and pathology (CEAP) classification. The quality of life (QoL) was assessed utilising the VEINES-QoL/Sym questionnaire, providing two scores per patient, one describing the QoL and the other symptom severity (Sym). Results: Thirty two patients (35 legs) were evaluated. There were 25 females and 7 males, with a mean age of 33.5 years (±14 years). The mean follow-up period was 31 months (range 3 months – 80 months). Results of the CEAP classification were C0 = 24 (75%), C1 = 1 (4%), C2 = 2 (6%), C3 = 2 (6%) and C4 = 3 (9%). Thirty-one (97%) patients had Villalta scores from 0 to 4, indicating no or mild evidence of venous disease. One patient (3%) had a Villalta score of 6, indicating post-thrombotic syndrome. The mean QoL score was 87% (±12) and the mean Sym score was 86% (±14). Twenty-four (75%) patients had no abnormality on ultrasound, with fibrosis the most observed abnormality. Conclusion: Most patients who had undergone pharmacomechanical thrombolysis for extensive iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis showed few significant clinical signs of chronic venous insufficiency, had excellent function on venous ultrasound and reported excellent QoL

Optimization of culture media for extracellular expression of streptokinase in Escherichia coli using response surface methodology in combination with Plackett-Burman Design

Purpose: To investigate the enhancement of streptokinase extracellular expression in Escherichia coli by adjusting culture media.Methods: Screening of 10 chemical factors (EDTA, peptone, glycine, triton X-100, glycerol, K2HPO4, KH2PO4, Ca2+ (calcium chloride), yeast and NaCl) in order to increase the secretion of extracellular protein was carried out by response surface methodology (RSM). The method was also employed to optimize the concentrations of critical factors that had been determined in the screening step.Results: The results indicate that glycine, triton X-100 and Ca2+ were the most effective chemical factors in terms of increase in extracellular expression of streptokinase with optimum levels of 0.878, 0.479 and 0.222 %, respectively. Expression of streptokinase under optimum concentrations of critical permeabilizing factors led to a 7-fold increase in the quantity of secreted recombinant protein (5824 U/mL) compared to the initial level (802 U/mL).Conclusion: The results show that medium optimization using RSM is effective in improving extracellular streptokinase expression. The optimization medium is considered fundamental and useful for efficient production of streptokinase on a large scale.Keywords: Streptokinase, Response surface methodology, Membrane permeabilization, Extracellular secretio

Diagnostic accuracy of circular RNA for diabetes Mellitus : a systematic review and diagnostic Meta-analysis

Acknowledgements: We thank all our staff at the Tehran University of medical sciences and at Kurdistan University of Medical sciences who helped us in this work. We also acknowledge the papers that we used and participants in those papers. Funding Information: The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. Publisher Copyright: © 2023, The Author(s).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Effect of lifestyle intervention plus rosiglitazone or placebo therapy on left ventricular mass assessed with cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the metabolic syndrome

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To evaluate the effect of lifestyle intervention in conjunction with rosiglitazone or placebo therapy on left ventricular (LV) mass, using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in the metabolic syndrome.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The present study was a pre-specified substudy of a double-blind randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of lifestyle intervention in conjunction with rosiglitazone or placebo therapy on carotid artery atherosclerosis in the metabolic syndrome. From this original study population, 10 subjects from the placebo group and 10 from the rosiglitazone group were randomly selected. At baseline and follow-up (52 weeks), clinical and laboratory measurements were assessed and a CMR-examination was performed to evaluate LV mass indexed for body surface area (LV mass-I). Subsequently, the effect of therapy (rosiglitazone vs. placebo) and clinical and laboratory variables on LV mass-I was evaluated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In both groups, body mass index, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure significantly decreased during follow-up. Interestingly, LV mass-I significantly decreased in the placebo group (48.9 ± 5.3 g/m²vs. 44.3 ± 5.6 g/m², p < 0.001) indicating reverse remodeling, whereas LV mass-I remained unchanged in the rosiglitazone group (54.7 ± 9.9 g/m²vs. 53.7 ± 9.2 g/m², p = 0.3). After correction for systolic and diastolic blood pressure and triglyceride, the kind of therapy (rosiglitazone vs. placebo) remained the only significant predictor of LV mass-I reduction.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Lifestyle intervention resulted in a reduction of LV mass-I in the metabolic syndrome, indicating reverse remodeling. However, rosiglitazone therapy may have inhibited this positive reverse remodeling.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>Current Controlled Trials <a href="http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN54951661">ISRCTN54951661</a>.</p

Interaction of Mycorrhizal Inoculation and Phosphorus on Growth Characteristics, Production of Mini-tuber and Nutrients Uptake of Potato

Mycorrhiza can be used as an efficient tool to increase nutrients productivity to achieve sustainable agriculture. This experiment conducted to investigate the interaction of phosphorus and mycorrhiza on growth characteristics and production of mini-tuber and nutrients uptake of seedlings under greenhouse condition. The experiment was arranged as factorial in completely randomized design with three replications in agricultural and natural resource research center of Hamadan in 2015. First factor included of inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi, Rhizophagus irregularis, (inoculated and non-inoculated) and the second factor was the amount of phosphorus (0.965, 0.482, 0.241 and 0.12 mM phosphorus according to H2PO-4 in Hoagland solution (100, 75, 50 and 25 percent of Hoagland complete phosphorus concentration (HCPC), respectively). The results showed that the maximum values of seedling establishment (98.3%), number of leaves (13.3), the number of mini-tubers (8.9), the total weight of mini-tubers per plant (53.2 g), shoot height (54.6 cm), phosphorus in mini-tubers dry matter (%0.38) and leaves (%0.363) observed in phosphorus 75% HCPC and inoculation treatment and no significant differences was seen relative to phosphorus 100% HCPC and inoculation treatment. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi significantly increased the mini-tubers and leaves nitrogen, dry matter and weight of mini-tuber relative to non-inoculated treatments. Generally, respect to that there was no significant difference between 75% and 100% phosphorus in inoculation treatment, the applying of mycorrhizal fungi can reduce agricultural inputs consumption without any significant decrease in yield

Efficacy of levamisole with standard care treatment vs. standard care in clinical presentations of non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of adding a 10-day course of levamisole (LVM) to the standard care compared with standard care alone, on the clinical status of COVID-19 patients with mild to moderate disease.&nbsp;Methods:&nbsp;&nbsp;In this randomized open-label trial, we enrolled non-hospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 at nine health centers in Tehran province, Iran, in 2021. Patients were randomly assigned to receive a 10-day course of LVM with standard care (n=185) or standard care alone (n=180) in a 1:1 ratio. On days 1 to 10, LVM was administered orally at a dosage of 50 mg. The participants were called and followed on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 14. The measured parameters were general health condition, hospitalization rate, signs and symptoms, and adverse events. The generalized estimating equations model was used for analysis.&nbsp;Results: Among 507 randomized patients, 473 patients started the experiment and received LVM plus standard care or received the standard care alone; 385 patients included in the analysis; 346 (98%) patients completed the trial. The median age of the patients was 40 years [IQR: 32-50.75]; and ‎201 (55.1%)‎ patiens were male. The mean age, sex ratio, and frequency of the underlying diseases of the patients in the two study groups had no ‎statistically significant differences (P&gt;0.05). Compared to the control group, LVM improved the general health condition of the patients (B=-0.635; 95% CI: -0.041,-0.329; P&lt;0.001). Patients receiving LVM compared with standard care group had significantly lower odds of developing fever (OR=0.260; 95% CI: 0.11‎‎3‎,0.59‎‎9‎;&nbsp;P=0.002), chills (OR=0.223; 95% CI:‎‎ 0.07‎‎6,‎0.64‎‎8‎;&nbsp;P= 0.006), fatigue (OR=0.576; 95% CI:‎ 0.34‎‎6,‎0.96‎‎0‎‎;&nbsp;P=0.034), and myalgia (OR=0.54‎‎4‎; 95% CI:‎ 0.31‎‎7‎,0.93‎‎2‎‎;&nbsp;P=0.027). No significant difference was observed in the rate of hospitalization. Although the intervention group had greater adverse effects than the control group, the difference was not statistically significant.&nbsp;Conclusion: Findings of this study suggest that LVM has clinical benefits in improving patients’ health condition with mild to moderate COVID-19

Evaluation of Education Development Centers for Medical Sciences: Challenges and Strategies

Background & Objective: The main objective of medical education is the training of competent and qualified personnel to maintain and improve public health. In this regard, education development centers (EDC) for medical sciences have been established to provide and assess the quality of education. Therefore, due to the need for these centers, this study aimed to examine their challenges and provide strategies to improve their performance. Methods: An applied and qualitative study was carried out in 2013. The study population was 288 members of the managers and personnel of study centers and development offices of faculties, educational deputies, heads of universities, and faculty members. Data was collected during a 2-day scheduled conference in the form of 5 key lectures, 3 panels, and 6 Focus Group Discussions. Data analysis was performed using framework analysis. Results: In the correct establishment of the centers, 7 key challenges and 18 sub-challenges were identified. Within the framework of the educational governance and leadership, components such as policy making, monitoring, evaluation, and predisposing components of implementation like structure, manpower, and processes were identified. The relationship between policy making, evaluation, and sub-components is defined by two key factors of knowledge management and communications. Conclusion: EDC centers have been challenged because of moving away from the original position of knowledge management and communications in the field of governance to ensure and improve the quality of education. The 3 trends of integration of education and service delivery, privatization of services, and lack of clarity of interactions between public and private sector have exacerbated these challenges. Keywords Governance and educational leadership Quality of education Education development centers for medical science