Synthesis, crystal structures, Hirshfeld surface analysis and physico-chemical characterization of two new ZnII and CdII halidometallates

Two new organic–inorganic hybrid materials, based on 1, 3-CycloHexaneBis-(Methyl Amine), abbreviated CHBMA, namely (H2CHBMA)ZnCl4·2H2O (CP1) and (H2CHBMA)CdI4·2H2O (CP2), have been synthesized under mild conditions in acidic media and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, spectroscopic techniques (13C NMR, FTIR, RAMAN) and thermal analysis. The crystal structures of the two compounds were solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Both compounds show a 3-dimensional supramolecular structure directed by various interactions between tetrahalidometallate anions (ZnCl42-, CdI42-), water molecule and organic cations (H2CHBMA)2+. For both compounds, the cyclohexane ring of the template cation is in a chair conformation with the methylammonium substituent in the equatorial positions and the two terminal ammonium groups in a cis conformation but with two different orientations (upward for CP1 and downward for CP2) which influences the supramolecular architecture of the two structures. Hirshfeld surface analysis and the associated two-dimensional finger print plots were used to explore and quantify the intermolecular interactions in the crystals

DETERMINATION OF ORTHOREXIA NERVOZA IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Objective: This study was conducted in order to evaluate orthorexia nervosa (ON) tendency of the students of the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics studying at Trakya University according to the variables of gender, age and body mass index (BMI). Method: A total of 125 students (19 males, 106 females) studying in daytime education participated in the study. The research data were collected by the researcher using the "questionnaire method", by interviewing the participants face to face. Socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, place of residence, etc.) of the participants were determined and their anthropometric measurements were taken. In addition, "Eating Attitude Test (EAT-40)" was used to evaluate eating disorders, "ORTO-15" test to define ON and "Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory" to evaluate obsessive symptoms. Results: It was determined that male individuals had higher EAT-40 scores than females, while females' ORTO-15 scores and obsessive scores were higher than males (p gt; 0.05). The majority of both males and females (94.7% and 93.4%, respectively) were in the low risk group according to the EAT-40 assessment. It was found that 73.7% of men and 56.6% of women were orthorexic. In the analyzes performed according to age groups, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference in the obsessive score (p lt;0.05). In the correlation analysis performed with the scales, a statistically significant negative correlation was found between the EAT-40 score and the ORTO-15, ORTO-15 and obsessive score (p lt;0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, it will be beneficial to conduct more comprehensive studies evaluating ON and related factors

Tackling problems of qualitative social research: A conversation

This paper comprises discussions from a residential symposium, "Methods in Dialogue", that took place near Cambridge, UK, in May 2005. The symposium concluded a series of seminars organised by the London East Research Institute and the Centre for Narrative Research at the University of East London and supported by the Economic and Social Research Council. Public support for social research increasingly depends on its ability to deliver scientifically valid and reliable studies to guide policy and practice. The theoretical foundations of social research, however, seem to be in a critical state. Evidence generated by both qualitative and quantitative methods is more and more seen to be conflicting, open to many interpretations. The aim of the event was to bring together qualitative researchers in the social sciences, many working in the field of narrative but also a number working with life history and auto/biography, discourse analysis, grounded theory methodology, visual methods and ethnography, to discuss the theoretical foundations of qualitative social research. The discussions addressed narrative itself as an index case for methodological debate; methodological considerations of objectivity and evidence, interpretation and context; appropriate levels of research focus and their interactions; the role of dialogue between disciplines; and the interaction between social science and the wider environment of which it is a part. Questions such as the following were discussed throughout the symposium: Who and what is social research for, and whose voices does it represent? What are social researchers' and participants' interpretative rights over their data and each other? How does thick description and the rich social interpretation it affords relate to the need for precise methods of explanation and generalisable conclusions? What special problems of research design or delivery arise when attempts are made to "empower" informants, to enable them to interrogate, and even co-construct the research story

Easy access to crystalline indolines via hydrogen bond transfer

Several indoline derivatives with specific geometries are biologically active and have inhibitor properties. Many indolines are a key part of natural products. Much attention has been focused on the development of synthetic routes for their easy access. Current synthesis depends largely on metal catalysis, iodine reagents, and Oxone. To date, no synthetic route has been established that is metal‐free, reagent‐free, and environmentally friendly and provides a base for green chemistry. Here, we report the first facile metal‐free and reagent‐free synthesis of indoline derivatives, which could potentially be influential in the design of new biologically active compounds. The synthesis proceeds through intramolecular amination between a urea nucleophile and unactivated alkene. The ring closure occurs in a few hours in the presence of pre‐dried silica gel and gives good yields of indolines products, but in the absence of silica gel, the ring closure occurred overnight with stirring in dry solvent. An electron withdrawing group at the substituted aryl moiety of ureas increases the hydrogen bond donor ability of substrates that mediate the internal proton transfer at the terminal alkene and results in facile amination to give the indoline product with an “in plane” orientation of the carbonyl group and aromatic part of indoline framework. Such orientation in indolines is important for potent biological activities

Single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation and catalytic properties of new hybrid perhalidometallates

Two new organic–inorganic salts of perhalidometallates with protonated organic amine cations have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. (CHBMAH2) ZnBr4·3/2H2O 1 and (CHBMAH2 )ZnCl4 4 [(CHBMAH2 )2+: 1, 3-cyclohexanebis(methylammonium)] were obtained in single-crystal form. The crystal packing in all of the obtained compounds is governed by the formation of various non-covalent intermolecular forces between tetrahalidometallate anions and organic cations, assisted by water molecules in the hydrates. Hirshfeld surface analysis denotes that the most important contributions to the crystal packing are X···H/H···X (X: Cl, Br, I) and H···H interactions. Interestingly, the compound 1, 3-cyclohexanebis(methylammonium)tetrachlorido-zincate (II) dihydrate, (CHBMAH2 )ZnCl4·2H2O 2, undergoes thermally-triggered single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) transformation upon dehydration to produce a supramolecular solid compound, 1, 3-cyclohexanebis(methylammonium) tetrachloridozincate (II), (CHBMAH2 )ZnCl4 4. The SCSC transformation causes changes in the lattice parameters and a structural rearrangement. Furthermore, the catalytic properties of (CHBMAH2 )ZnCl4·2H2O 2 and (CHBMAH2 )CdI4·2H2O 3 have been explored in the acetalization process using various uncommon alcohols, beyond methanol or ethanol, for the first time in the literature, with outstanding results, and opening the door to the formation of alternative acetals. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Preclinical testing of an oncolytic parvovirus in Ewing sarcoma : protoparvovirus H-1 induces apoptosis and lytic infection in vitro but fails to improve survival in vivo

About 70% of all Ewing sarcoma (EWS) patients are diagnosed under the age of 20 years. Over the last decades little progress has been made towards finding effective treatment approaches for primarily metastasized or refractory Ewing sarcoma in young patients. Here, in the context of the search for novel therapeutic options, the potential of oncolytic protoparvovirus H-1 (H-1PV) to treat Ewing sarcoma was evaluated, its safety having been proven previously tested in adult cancer patients and its oncolytic efficacy demonstrated on osteosarcoma cell cultures. The effects of viral infection were tested in vitro on four human Ewing sarcoma cell lines. Notably evaluated were effects of the virus on the cell cycle and its replication efficiency. Within 24 h after infection, the synthesis of viral proteins was induced. Efficient H-1PV replication was confirmed in all four Ewing sarcoma cell lines. The cytotoxicity of the virus was determined on the basis of cytopathic effects, cell viability, and cell lysis. These in vitro experiments revealed efficient killing of Ewing sarcoma cells by H-1PV at a multiplicity of infection between 0.1 and 5 plaque forming units (PFU)/cell. In two of the four tested cell lines, significant induction of apoptosis by H-1PV was observed. H-1PV thus meets all the in vitro criteria for a virus to be oncolytic towards Ewing sarcoma. In the first xenograft experiments, however, although an antiproliferative effect of intratumoral H-1PV injection was observed, no significant improvement of animal survival was noted. Future projects aiming to validate parvovirotherapy for the treatment of pediatric Ewing sarcoma should focus on combinatorial treatments and will require the use of patient-derived xenografts and immunocompetent syngeneic animal models

Bishops who live like princes: Bishop Tebartz-van Elst and the challenge of defining corruption

This article contributes to the debate on defining corruption. Rather than attempting to provide a definitive definition, it uses the case of Franz-Peter Tebartz-van Elst, a German bishop from the diocese of Limburg who stepped down in 2014, to illustrate that the disciplines of law, political science, economics, and anthropology all make important contributions to understanding what corruption is and how it should be conceptualized. Seen through these different lenses, the article argues, the case of “Bishop Bling” can be understood in strikingly different ways. This has ramifications not just for the case itself but also for how analysts understand corruption more broadly. Adopting an overtly interdisciplinary approach does not represent a way to “solve” the definitional dilemma, but it can help analysts understand more about corruption’s multiplicity