28 research outputs found
Effect of water yam (Dioscorea alata) flour fortified with distillers spent grain on nutritional, chemical, and functional properties
It was envisaged that the inclusion of treated distiller ’ s spent grain ( DSG ) to
yam fl our might increase its nutritional value, with the aim of reducing nutritional
diseases in communities consuming yam as a staple. Hence, yam fl our
was fortifi ed with DSG at 5–35%. The effects of this fortifi cation on the
nutritional, chemical, and functional properties of yam fl our were investigated.
The result showed a signifi cant increase ( P 0.001) in fat, ash, protein, total
amino acids, total dietary fi ber, and insoluble dietary fi ber contents of the blends
as DSG increased except for starch and soluble dietary fi ber contents, which
decreased. The functional properties showed a signifi cant ( P 0.001) reduction
with DSG inclusion. The inclusion of DSG increased both the tryptophan and
methionine contents of the blends. Therefore, the DSG fortifi ed yam fl our could
contribute to quality protein intake in populations consuming yam as a staple,
due to its indispensible amino acid content
Functional Diversity and Structural Disorder in the Human Ubiquitination Pathway
The ubiquitin-proteasome system plays a central role in cellular regulation and protein quality control (PQC). The system is built as a pyramid of increasing complexity, with two E1 (ubiquitin activating), few dozen E2 (ubiquitin conjugating) and several hundred E3 (ubiquitin ligase) enzymes. By collecting and analyzing E3 sequences from the KEGG BRITE database and literature, we assembled a coherent dataset of 563 human E3s and analyzed their various physical features. We found an increase in structural disorder of the system with multiple disorder predictors (IUPred - E1: 5.97%, E2: 17.74%, E3: 20.03%). E3s that can bind E2 and substrate simultaneously (single subunit E3, ssE3) have significantly higher disorder (22.98%) than E3s in which E2 binding (multi RING-finger, mRF, 0.62%), scaffolding (6.01%) and substrate binding (adaptor/substrate recognition subunits, 17.33%) functions are separated. In ssE3s, the disorder was localized in the substrate/adaptor binding domains, whereas the E2-binding RING/HECT-domains were structured. To demonstrate the involvement of disorder in E3 function, we applied normal modes and molecular dynamics analyses to show how a disordered and highly flexible linker in human CBL (an E3 that acts as a regulator of several tyrosine kinase-mediated signalling pathways) facilitates long-range conformational changes bringing substrate and E2-binding domains towards each other and thus assisting in ubiquitin transfer. E3s with multiple interaction partners (as evidenced by data in STRING) also possess elevated levels of disorder (hubs, 22.90% vs. non-hubs, 18.36%). Furthermore, a search in PDB uncovered 21 distinct human E3 interactions, in 7 of which the disordered region of E3s undergoes induced folding (or mutual induced folding) in the presence of the partner. In conclusion, our data highlights the primary role of structural disorder in the functions of E3 ligases that manifests itself in the substrate/adaptor binding functions as well as the mechanism of ubiquitin transfer by long-range conformational transitions. © 2013 Bhowmick et al
Optimized microwave illusion device
This work was funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), UK under a Programme Grant (EP/I034548/1) ‘The Quest for Ultimate Electromagnetics using Spatial Transformations (QUEST
Report of Ogden Public School Survey Commission.
Commission composed of W.S. Deffenbaugh, E.J. Ward, C.S. Meek, W.G. Roylance and G.A. Eaton.Mode of access: Internet