Rule Based Transliteration Scheme for English to Punjabi

Machine Transliteration has come out to be an emerging and a very important research area in the field of machine translation. Transliteration basically aims to preserve the phonological structure of words. Proper transliteration of name entities plays a very significant role in improving the quality of machine translation. In this paper we are doing machine transliteration for English-Punjabi language pair using rule based approach. We have constructed some rules for syllabification. Syllabification is the process to extract or separate the syllable from the words. In this we are calculating the probabilities for name entities (Proper names and location). For those words which do not come under the category of name entities, separate probabilities are being calculated by using relative frequency through a statistical machine translation toolkit known as MOSES. Using these probabilities we are transliterating our input text from English to Punjabi

Effects of Food Pollution on Human Health and Its management through Panchakarma

Air, water and food are the basic necessities of life. If one pillar is disturbed then we can’t expect the other two works positively for our health. In Ayurveda there is description of Triya Upstambh where food (aahar) placed in first place, which shows the importance of food.  We can define food pollution as, the presence of toxic chemical and biological contaminants which are not naturally part of our food. Examples are preservatives, taste enhancer, coloring agents. In present time our food is also contaminated by fertilizers, pesticides and heavy metals. This put very deleterious effect upon our body.  It is a silent killer, because these harmful effects come after a long time of consuming this polluted food. Adulteration in edible products is also a common cause of food pollution. Food pollution is causing so many diseases related to different system of our body, like digestive system related, nervous system related etc. some serious health problems are developing day by day such as hormonal problems and various types of cancer. Water pollution and soil pollution are trigger factor or we could say enhancer for food pollution. Growing crops in polluted soil with polluted water is also responsible for polluting the food. Not only polluted soil or water, there are so many sources of food pollution.  Panchakarma is the ayurvedic approach to get rid of these toxins and restores good health through detoxification of the human body. This article is related to polluted food, food adulteration, their adverse effects upon human body and its management through Panchakarma therapy

Association of Epstein Barr Virus Infection (EBV) with Breast Cancer in Rural Indian Women

INTRODUCTION:Breast cancer is the most common malignancy affecting females worldwide but conventional risk factors are able to explain only a small proportion of these cases. A possible viral etiology for breast cancer has been proposed and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a widely researched candidate virus. The aim of the present study, first one of its kind from India, was to determine if there is a greater association of EBV infection with breast cancer patients as compared to patients with benign breast diseases. METHODS:We looked for expression of Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen-1 (EBNA-1) in breast cancer tissue specimens by employing immunohistochemistry (IHC). We also measured levels of anti-EBNA-1 Immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies in stored sera of these patients using commercial Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. Patients with benign breast diseases were used as a comparison group for both immunohistochemical and serological analysis. RESULTS:58 cases of malignant breast disease and 63 of benign breast disease (controls) were included in the study. Using manufacturer determined cut-off of 3 IU/ml, 50/55 tested (90.9%) cases and 27/33 tested (81.8%) controls were seropositive for anti-EBNA-1 IgG. Mean antibody levels were significantly higher for cases (54.22 IU/ml) as compared to controls (18.68 IU/ml). IHC for EBNA-1 was positive in 28/51 cases (54.9%). No IHC positivity was noted in the tested 30 controls. Our results show that EBNA-1 expression is seen in a significant proportion of breast cancer tissue specimens from rural India and as compared to patients with benign breast diseases these patients also have a higher immunological response against EBNA-1

Unusual histological presentation in neurofibromas: Two case reports

Various histological variants of neurofibroma have been described. The objective of this paper is to discuss the unusual histological findings seen in two cases of neurofibromas associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 Both cases presented with multiple subcutaneous nodules. Surgical excision of the largest nodule was done in both the cases. Histological examination of case no.1 revealed a benign tumor of the peripheral nerve sheath, of neurofibroma type with presence of mucus producing glands. The epithelial component was benign in this case. The second case showed presence of rosettes in between areas of typical neurofibroma

Redistricting using Heuristic-Based Polygonal Clustering

Redistricting is the process of dividing a geographic area into districts or zones. This process has been considered in the past as a problem that is computationally too complex for an automated system to be developed that can produce unbiased plans. In this paper we present a novel method for redistricting a geographic area using a heuristic-based approach for polygonal spatial clustering. While clustering geospatial polygons several complex issues need to be addressed – such as: removing order dependency, clustering all polygons assuming no outliers, and strategically utilizing domain knowledge to guide the clustering process. In order to address these special needs, we have developed the Constrained Polygonal Spatial Clustering (CPSC) algorithm that holistically integrates domain knowledge in the form of cluster-level and instance-level constraints and uses heuristic functions to grow clusters. In order to illustrate the usefulness of our algorithm we have applied it to the problem of formation of unbiased congressional districts. Furthermore, we compare and contrast our algorithm with two other approaches proposed in the literature for redistricting, namely – graph partitioning and simulated annealing

Classifier-Based Text Simplification for Improved Machine Translation

Machine Translation is one of the research fields of Computational Linguistics. The objective of many MT Researchers is to develop an MT System that produce good quality and high accuracy output translations and which also covers maximum language pairs. As internet and Globalization is increasing day by day, we need a way that improves the quality of translation. For this reason, we have developed a Classifier based Text Simplification Model for English-Hindi Machine Translation Systems. We have used support vector machines and Na\"ive Bayes Classifier to develop this model. We have also evaluated the performance of these classifiers.Comment: In Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Computer Engineering and Applications 201

ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIINFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF VITEX NEGUNDO ON FREUND'S COMPLETE ADJUVANT INDUCED ARTHRITIS

Objective: Vitex negundo, commonly known as nirgundi†is widely used in traditional as well as in folk medicines to cure many ailments such as fever, rheumatism, gum and skin diseases and liver disorders, etc. The present study evaluated the antioxidant potency of hydroethanolic extract of Vitex negundo leaves (VNE) in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) induced arthritis.Methods: Acute oral toxicity test of VNE at various increasing doses and its effect on biochemical markers of hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity along with histopathology were studied. The experimental arthritis was induced by subcutaneous injection of FCA at the right hind paw of male albino rats. Treatment with indomethacin (10 mg/kg body weight) and VNE (200 mg/kg body weight) was given to arthritic rats to study the effects on liver and erythrocytes malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant status. Anti-inflammatory activities were studied by inhibition in paw edema.Results: The results showed that the use of VNE, up to the dose of 5 g/kg body weight was nontoxic. Oral administration of VNE significantly modulated antioxidant status and reduced MDA content. VNE also exhibited anti-inflammatory activity shown by inhibition in paw edema of arthritic rats.Conclusion: Vitex negundo leaves possess potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity by modulating the oxidant/antioxidant in favor of reducing oxidative stress and thereby; the inflammation in FCA induced RA.Â

Correlation of endothelial cell proliferation with vascular endothelial growth factor in endometrium of women with menorrhagia

Background: Approximately 30% of women of reproductive age experience excessive blood loss during menstruation. In 50% of cases, menorrhagia has no underlying pathology. However, until recently, the only permanent cure for menorrhagia was hysterectomy. In this study we aim to determine the correlation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression with markers of endometrial endothelial cell proliferation like proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Cluster Determination (CD34).Methods: A total of 100 patients with history of menorrhagia were selected for study. Double Immunohistochemistry was performed on these endometrial biopsy sections. Proliferating endothelial cells were identified by an immunohistochemical double staining technique with PCNA and CD34. VEGF expression was also seen in endometrial biopsy.Results: In general, expression of both VEGF and PCNA was more in functional layer than basal layer in both menorrhagic patients as well as non menorrhagic patients.  When glandular cytoplasmic VEGF expression was compared with PCNA the association was statistically significant whereas completely opposite findings was seen with glandular luminal surface VEGF positivity but the association was statistically significant. In secretory phase (p-value<0.001) there was highly statistically significant association in PCNA grading with glandular luminal surface VEGF positivity whereas when we correlated PCNA with  cytoplasmic  glandular VEGF in secretory phase it was statistically significant (p-value<0.001).Conclusions: The endothelial proliferation was significantly higher in menorrhagia patients during late secretory phase of cycle than controls. We were able to demonstrate increased endothelial proliferation in patients in the premenstrual part of cycle