Study of Molecular Mechanism of Antibiotic susceptibility against Polymicrobial Oral infection

Abstract

Introduction- Antibiotic to treat dental caries infection are routinely prescribed. Bacteria have increased resistance to the currently recommended antibiotics. The purpose of this investigation was to perform antibiotic susceptibility on a panel pathogenic strain of bacteria isolated step by step from dental caries infection. 
Materials and Methods-Bacteria were isolated from caries site of patients and cultivated identified at the species level. Each of 150 species of bacteria was tested for antibiotics susceptibility to a five antibiotics using Etest. Antibiotic used were Amoxicillin, Cloxocillin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Penicillin-V.
Results- The percentages of Resistance in treatment for each antibiotic in this study were penicillin V: 72/150 (48%), Tetracycline: 99/150 (66%), amoxicillin: 135/150 (90%), Cloxocillin: 117/150 (78%), and Erythromycin: 90/150 (60%) (Table 1). If combination antibiotic therapy had been used to treat the bacteria isolated from dental caries, the percentage of Resistance for the combination of penicillin V/Amoxicillin would have been 39/150 (26%), and the combination of amoxicillin/ Erythromycin would have been 45/150 (30%).
Conclusion- This study demonstrated the Molecular Mechanism of antibiotic resistance and susceptibility pattern, of bacteria causing dental caries. The comprehensive results data obtained will allow in investigating spatial distribution of pathogenic antibiotic resistant bacteria in patients of dental caries. In turn this will allow the development of novel diagnostic and treatment methods. 
&#xa

Microbiological Aspects and Immunity Response of Bacteria Causing Pulpitis

The oral cavity is a very widely distributed ecosystem in which several hundred microbial species normally cohabit harmoniously. Under special conditions some microorganisms with potential are promoted, leading to inflammation & infection by induced de-mineralization of dental enamel that normally constitutes an impermeable barrier that protects the underlying dentin and the connective tissue situated in the center of the tooth & dental pulp such as pulpitis, dental caries, and periodontal infection. In inflammation of the dental pulpitis the immunity response against oral infection leads to infection and results in a high level of morbidity and economic burden to society

SAXS and SANS Techniques for Surfactant Characterization: Application in Corrosion Science

This chapter presents advances in the characterization of surfactants and detergents using small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques. Surfactant molecules have been extensively used for corrosion prevention as part of commercial corrosion‐inhibitor formulations. It is generally established that the interactions between surfactant molecule and metallic substrate play a key role in the formation of a corrosion‐protective film. It is therefore essential to develop understanding about the nature of surfactant and detergent molecules in bulk solutions prior to formation of a surface film, as well as the mechanisms of their interactions with metallic substrates. These properties and interactions determine the properties of the surface film, including its persistency, and in turn define its protectiveness against corrosion. X‐ray and neutron reflectivity methods are important investigating tools that could be used to characterize surfactant interactions with metallic substrates. These techniques have recently been utilized to investigate adsorption energies and contact angles between molecules or particles and variable substrates. This chapter addresses basic principles of these techniques and discusses their application for surfactant and detergent studies in corrosion science. Several case studies are presented and provide outlook for future prospects in this field of science

Maternal and fetal factors affecting birth length of healthy newborn babies: An observational study

Background: Length is an important neonatal measurement at birth. Many studies in the past have analyzed the birth weight andfactors affecting it but studies that investigated the relationship between maternal factors and birth length are scarce and inconsistent.Purpose: This study was conducted with the aim to estimate the effect of maternal and fetal factors on birth length in singletonpregnancy. Methods: The present cross-sectional observational study was conducted in a tertiary care center in central India duringFebruary 2012. Of 450 deliveries, 191 newborns were included on the basis of inclusion criteria. The weight of the baby was takenby electronic weighing scale, and length was taken with infantometer. Babies were divided into two groups based on Fenton’s chart,and Group A had babies with birth length <3rd centile and Group B had babies with birth length >3rd centile. The effects of factorssuch as maternal age, weight during last trimester of pregnancy, education, maternal and paternal height, parity, socioeconomic status,occupation, and residence were assessed. Fetal factors such as birth weight, sex, and birth order were assessed. Results: On analysisof data, it was found that maternal weight (p<0.001), maternal height (p<0.001), and occupation (p=0.04) was significantly associatedwith the length of the babies. The incidence of low birth length was lesser (53.37%) among housewives as compared to working mothers(72.09%) with p<0.05. Socioeconomic status, paternal height, and parity had no significant relationship with birth length. On analysisof fetal factors, birth weight (p<0.001) and head circumference (<0.001) were significantly associated with birth length. Conclusions: Itmay be concluded that length at birth may be influenced by factors such as maternal weight and occupation, which indirectly show thenutritional status of the mother

A comparative study of supraglottic airway devices Baska mask and ProSeal-laryngeal mask airway in short gynaecological procedures

Background: Baska Mask® (BM) a newer Supraglottic Airway Device (SAD) considered to cause low incidence of Postoperative Pharyngolaryngeal Complications (POPC). This study was designed to assess efficacy, safety and early and late POPC between BM and commonly use ProSeal LMA (PMLA).Methods: Patients between 18 to 60 years of age undergoing elective short gynecological procedures were randomized into two groups, to receive ventilation with either BM (group 1, n=50) or an PMLA (group 2, n=50).Results: There was no significant difference in the ease of insertion for both the devices (p<0.24). There was no significant difference in the number of attempts for both the devices (p<0.69). When compared to PLMA, the time (in seconds) required for insertion of BM was significantly less in duration (20.9 vs. 16) (p<0.0001). Between the two groups significant hemodynamic changes noticed after removal of SGA. The blood staining of device was similar in both groups. Failure to place device, postoperative complication like laryngospasm and bronchospasm did not occur in both BM and PLMA groups.Conclusions: In conclusion, findings of this study support that BM takes significantly shorter placement time and provides a better seal as compared to PLMA but without any reduction in laryngopharyngeal complications

Plethysmographic variability index as a tool to assess fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients: a correlation study with inferior vena cava distensibility index

Background: In critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), early aggressive fluid replacement is the cornerstone of resuscitation. Traditionally employed static measures of fluid responsiveness have a poor predictive value. It is therefore imperative to employ dynamic measures of fluid responsiveness that take into account the heart lung interactions in the mechanically ventilated patients. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of one such non-invasive dynamic index: Plethysmographic variability index (PVI) compared to the widely employed Inferior vena cava distensibility index (dIVC).Methods: Seventy-six adult patients admitted at a tertiary care mixed ICU, who developed hypotension (MAP15.5% discriminated between responders and non-responders with a 90.2% sensitivity and 75% specificity with an AUC of 0.84 (0.72-0.96) (p<0.001).Conclusions: There is good correlation between PVI values and measured dIVC values at baseline and following a fluid challenge. Thus, PVI may be an acceptable, real time, continuous, surrogate measure of fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients

Evaluation of relationship between microbial load and drug efficacy of Andrographis paniculata during storage

Three different extracts of Andrographis paniculata obtained by using three different solvents i.e. acetone, ethanol and water, were used to find out correlation of antimicrobial potency of the drug among them and with storage period of six months. Antibacterial activities were assessed by well diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Salmonella typhi and antifungal activity by food poisoning technique against Candida albicans. No definite pattern of antimicrobial nature in acetone, ethanol and aqueous extract could be observed. Acetone extract showed maximum inhibitory (18.3mm) effect among all extract in general. Ethanol extract could attain second position and aqueous extract failed to inhibit growth of any organism even at 100% concentration. A declined trend of inhibitory effect of extract with increased number of storage days has been found showing a negative relation between inhibitory effect of the drug and storage duration. But positive correlation between inhibitory effect and concentration has been recorded. No inhibition was recorded against E. coli by any of the extract Bacterial load in term of CFU/g was found tremendously enhanced with increase of storage period. Negative correlation between microbial load and drug efficacy had been established while positive correlation between microbial load and storage period had been recorded

Incorporating Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-interactive Argument of Knowledge for Blockchain-based Identity Management with off-chain computations

In today's world, secure and efficient biometric authentication is of keen importance. Traditional authentication methods are no longer considered reliable due to their susceptibility to cyber-attacks. Biometric authentication, particularly fingerprint authentication, has emerged as a promising alternative, but it raises concerns about the storage and use of biometric data, as well as centralized storage, which could make it vulnerable to cyber-attacks. In this paper, a novel blockchain-based fingerprint authentication system is proposed that integrates zk-SNARKs, which are zero-knowledge proofs that enable secure and efficient authentication without revealing sensitive biometric information. A KNN-based approach on the FVC2002, FVC2004 and FVC2006 datasets is used to generate a cancelable template for secure, faster, and robust biometric registration and authentication which is stored using the Interplanetary File System. The proposed approach provides an average accuracy of 99.01%, 98.97% and 98.52% over the FVC2002, FVC2004 and FVC2006 datasets respectively for fingerprint authentication. Incorporation of zk-SNARK facilitates smaller proof size. Overall, the proposed method has the potential to provide a secure and efficient solution for blockchain-based identity management

Assessment of the Effectiveness of Kinetic Chain Approach for Primary Adhesive Capsulitis of Shoulder- An Experimental Study

Introduction: Idiopathic adhesive capsulitis is characterised by gradual onset of pain in shoulder and its limited mobility of motion due to a thickened capsule with an unknown cause. The peak incidence rate is between the ages of 40 and 60 years with less chances of occurrence in the younger group and individuals, who engage in physical labour are far less likely to experience it. In order to determine whether the kinetic chain approach is more effective, researchers tested it on individuals with adhesive capsulitis. Aim: To assess effectiveness of the kinetic chain approach for treating primary adhesive capsulitis. Materials and Methods: This pre and postexperimental study was conducted at the Department of Physiotherapy, Santosh Medical College and Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India, for a period of one year from January 2020 to December 2020. A total of 60 patients with primary adhesive capsulitis were included in the trial and were divided into Group-A and Group-B using a systematic random sampling process. Group A received traditional physiotherapy in addition to the Kinetic chain technique. In Group B, regular physiotherapy was the only treatment provided to patients. The Range of Motion (ROM), Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) were measured in both groups pre, mid and post-treatment groups. Non parametric statistical techniques were used to analyse the data owing its originality. Results: A total of 30 patients in each Group (A and B) were provided with Kinetic chain approach (mean age=53.93 years) and conventional physiotherapy (mean age=55.40 years), respectively. For comparing data within the same group, Wilcoxon signed-ranks test was used for this. Mann Whitney U-test was used to compare the data between groups. The p-values for the VAS, SPADI, and ROM showed statistical significance at the 0.001 level. In terms of pain, functional impairment, and range of motion, with Group A showing greater strides than Group B. Conclusion: The combination of kinetic chain technique and traditional physiotherapy was more beneficial than either group when used singularly to reduce discomfort, increase the range of motion, and enhance functional capacity in adhesive capsulitis patients

Technology Landscape for Epidemiological Prediction and Diagnosis of COVID-19

The COVID-19 outbreak initiated from the Chinese city of Wuhan and eventually affected almost every nation around the globe From China, the disease started spreading to the rest of the world After China, Italy became the next epicentre of the virus and witnessed a very high death toll Soon nations like the USA became severely hit by SARS-CoV-2 virus The World Health Organisation, on 11th March 2020, declared COVID-19 a pandemic To combat the epidemic, the nations from every corner of the world has instituted various policies like physical distancing, isolation of infected population and researching on the potential vaccine of SARS-CoV-2 To identify the impact of various policies implemented by the affected countries on the pandemic spread, a myriad of AI-based models have been presented to analyse and predict the epidemiological trends of COVID-19 In this work, the authors present a detailed study of different artificial intelligence frameworks applied for predictive analysis of COVID-19 patient record The forecasting models acquire information from records to detect the pandemic spreading and thus enabling an opportunity to take immediate actions to reduce the spread of the virus This paper addresses the research issues and corresponding solutions associated with the prediction and detection of infectious diseases like COVID-19 It further focuses on the study of vaccinations to cope with the pandemic Finally, the research challenges in terms of data availability, reliability, the accuracy of the existing prediction models and other open issues are discussed to outline the future course of this stud